气候变化诉讼的法律依据辨析  

The Legal Basis of and Responsibilities under Climate Change Litigation

作　　者：边永民[1] BIAN Yongmin(University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院,北京100029

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2023年第3期94-106,共13页Pacific Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项项目(21VMG042)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在气候变化多边治理的结果未能实质减缓气候变化的背景下,气候变化诉讼作为一种自下而上的治理方式,在最近十几年里得到各国公众或非政府组织广泛利用。他们根据本国司法制度的特点,依据宪法、环境法、普通法或者国际条约提起了气候变化诉讼,或者与气候变化密切相关的诉讼。法院认定健康环境权包括公民享有能够维持其生命和健康的气候的权利,在对生物多样性的保护上则考虑了未来持续的气候变化可能累积对生物多样性造成的负面影响。这些气候变化诉讼得以成功,还依赖于司法对于气候变化的科学证据的采信。虽然在美国有不少依据普通法提起的气候变化诉讼,但美国法院否认可以根据联邦普通法下的公妨害来提起气候变化诉讼。在国际层面上,国家或国际投资者利用气候变化与经贸活动的密切相关,依据国际条约分别在世界贸易组织(WTO)和国际投资争端解决中心(ICSID)内提起了十余起针对国家的与应对气候变化相关的诉讼。通过气候变化诉讼,司法机构监督了政府颁布的减排法令或减排措施的合法性,推动了各国政府依据他们各自的减排承诺或者在国际条约下的义务,制定更加严格的减排法律或者措施。While the global multilateral governance on climate change have failed to substantially mitigate climate change,climate change litigation,as a bottom-up approach to governance,has been widely used by the public or non-governmental organizations in various countries in recent decades.They have brought climate change litigation,or litigation closely related to climate change under constitutional administrative,common law or international agreements in accordance with the characteristics of their judicial systems.The court concluded that the right to a healthy environment includes the right of citizens to enjoy the climate that can sustain their life and health and that the conservation of biodiversity should consider the cumulative negative effects of continued climate change on biodiversity in a long term.The success of these climate change litigations also depends on the judicial acceptance of science of climate change.Although there are many climate change litigations based on the common law in the United States,U.S.courts have denied that climate change litigation can be brought under federal common law.At the international level countries or international investors have established links between climate change and economic and trade activities.There are more than 10 cases of having been filed against countries in the World Trade Organizations(WTO)and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID)related to climate change.Through climate change litigation,the judiciary monitors the governmental legal orders or measures to reduce emissions and drives governments to enact more stringent laws or measures to take climate actions in accordance with their commitments or obligations under international treaties.

关 键 词：气候变化诉讼 健康环境权 气候侵权 《巴黎协定》 气候损害 

分 类 号：D996.9[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]