新见封泥与秦县印制变迁  

A Study of Qin County Seal System's Evolution Based on Newly Discovered Seals

作　　者：孙闻博[1] SUN Wenbo

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台

出　　处：《社会科学》2023年第3期43-56,共14页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“新出简牍与秦汉县制研究”(项目编号:20BZS031)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：秦印制度对战国至秦统一的历史进程多有反映,由封泥所见县印切入,可揭示相关面貌,并增进对秦汉、汉唐政治制度演变的认知。秦印称谓经历由“玺”而“印”的变化,时间非以秦统一为界,而在统一前夕。天子印称“玺”、吏民印称“印”,与秦统一“正用字”“正用语”的旨趣尚不尽同,后者属“非制度”行为,故曰“群臣莫敢用”。“通官印”指可通于上的“通官”群体用印,对称概念是“小官印”。“官”指官吏而非机构,“小官印”不是“小”的“官印”,而是“小官”的“印”。秦代“小官印”“少官印”是指少吏所持官印。与后世唐代不同,秦官印主要是吏员印。机构主官用印使用职官省称,凸显机构名称,反映秦主官用印时吏员印、官署印属性合一。秦县、乡印存在不同写法,如“绵者”与“绵诸”、“灋丘”与“废丘”、“卿”与“鄉”,是秦“同书文字”的体现,时代分属统一前后。用字之外,界栏也是判断用印时代的重要参考。秦及汉初“道”官不置乡,或设“部”管理,部印之“部”与马王堆地图所见之“部”的性质相近。Qin seal system reflects to some extent the historical process from the Warring States to the unification of Qin.The sealed mud at the county level can reveal some historical truths and promote the understanding of political evolution from Qin to Han and from Han to Tang The appellation of Qin seal changed from“Xi”to“Yin”,and its transition was not marked by the unification of Qin,but by the eve of unification.The seal of the Son of Heaven was called“Xi”and the seal of the officials“Yin”,which was not the same as the“correct word”and“correct phrase”as the result of the Qin's unification.The latter was a“non-system”behavior,so it was said that“the ministers dare not use it”“Tongguan seal”refers to the“tongguan”group seal that could be passed through the monarch,and its symmetrical concept was the“small official seal”,“Guan”referred to officials rather than institutions,and“small official seals”are not the official seals small in size,but the seals of inferior official.In the Qin Dynasty,“small official seals”denoted the official seals held by low-level officials.Unlike later Tang Dynasty,Qin's Guan seals were mainly official seals.The chief official of the institution used the official abbreviation to highlight the name of institution,reflecting the unity of the officer's seal and the institutional seal when the chief official of Qin used the seal.There were different writing methods in Qin county and canton seals,such as“Faqiu”and“Feiqiu”,which was the embodiment of the unified script of Qin,and the era belonged to the period before and after unification.In the Qin and early Han dynasties,“Dao”oficials did not set up canton,but set up“Bu”for managing purpose,and the“Bu”of“Bu”seal was similar in nature to the“Bu”seen in the map of Mawangdui.

关 键 词：玺印 通官印 小官印 吏员印 官署印 乡印 部印 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]