中国社会保障制度的收入再分配效应:一些新发现  

The Redistribution Effect of Social Security System in China:Some New Findings

作　　者：李实 朱梦冰[3] Li Shi;Zhu Mengbing(School of Public Affairs,Zhejiang University,Zhejiang 310058,China;Business School,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学公共管理学院 [2]浙江大学共享与发展研究院 [3]北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院

出　　处：《社会保障评论》2023年第1期46-62,F0002,共18页Chinese Social Security Review

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目“农村老年相对贫困和减缓贫困的路径与政策研究”(72103020);国家自然科学基金专项项目“缩小城乡差距推动共同富裕的机制、路径和政策研究”(72141020)。

摘　　要：共同富裕的实现离不开公平的收入分配制度。作为再分配政策的重要组成部分,社会保障制度应该发挥调节收入差距的作用。本文使用2002年和2018年中国家庭收入调查项目(CHIP)的数据,全面评估了21世纪以来中国社会保障制度的再分配效应。研究发现,随着中国的社会保障制度逐步完善,政府对社会保障项目的投入不断加强,居民的社会保障收入在这一时期有明显的增长。总体上来看,中国的社会保障制度是有助于缩小收入差距的且再分配作用在这一时期是不断增强的。其中,社会保障收入,特别是养老金收入,发挥主要的缩小收入差距的作用,而社会保险缴费仍是具有扩大收入差距的作用。本文研究还发现,2018年,社会保障项目对城镇居民收入再分配的调节作用要明显大于农村居民。分地区来看,社会保障制度能明显缩小东部地区居民的收入分配差距,而社会保障对中部地区收入差距的调节作用相对较弱。分人群组来看,社会保障收入对高收入组居民的收入再分配效应的贡献率是最高的,而对中低收入组居民的再分配效应的贡献率是较低的。相比于发达国家,中国社会保障制度的再分配效应仍有待提高,且中国社会保障的统筹程度较低。因此,要进一步完善社会保障制度,缩小社会保障制度的差异性。同时,不断深化收入分配改革,建立起一种更加合理、公平的收入分配制度,加大其再分配的效果。Realizing common prosperity requires a fair income distribution system. As an important part of redistribution policies, China’s social security system should play an important role in narrowing the income gap. Based on the data from China Household Income Project(CHIP) in 2002 and 2018, this paper examines the redistribution effect of China’s social security system since the beginning of the 21st century. We found that, with the development of China’s social security system and the increasing government investment in social security, residents’ income from social security benefi ts has increased signifi cantly during this period. Overall, China’s social security system has had a positive and growing impact on narrowing the income gap. The income from social security benefi ts,especially pension income, has been conducive to narrowing the income gap, whereas social insurance contributions widened the income gap. In 2018, the income redistribution ef fect of social security was significantly stronger for urban residents than for rural residents. Also, the social security system narrowed the income gap in the eastern region signifi cantly, but to a lesser extent in the central region.Moreover, the income from social security benefits had the strongest redistribution effect on highincome groups, while its redistribution effect on middle-and low-income groups was weaker.Compared with developed countries, China’s social security system has a weaker redistribution ef fect,and it is also more fragmented. Therefore, it is necessary to further reform the existing fragmented social security system and establish a unifi ed one. Meanwhile, the government needs to deepen the reform of the income distribution system, and establish a more fair and reasonable income distribution system with a stronger redistribution ef fect.

关 键 词：社会保障 再分配效应 收入差距 

分 类 号：F124.7[经济管理—世界经济] D632.1[政治法律—政治学]