耕作和施肥方式对陇中旱作春小麦氮素利用与硝态氮残留的影响  

Effects of Tillage and Fertilization Methods on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrate Residue of Spring Wheat in Dry Farming of Central Gansu Province

作　　者：祁小平 李广[1] 闫丽娟[3] 袁建钰 杜梦寅 庞烨 QI Xiaoping;LI Guang;YAN Lijuan;YUAN Jianyu;DU Mengyin;PANG Ye(College of Forestry,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China;Linxia Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Linxia,Gansu 731100,China;Agricultural College,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学林学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]临夏市农业农村局,甘肃临夏731100 [3]甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《麦类作物学报》2023年第4期477-486,共10页Journal of Triticeae Crops

基　　金：甘肃省财政专项(GSCZZ-20160909);甘肃省重点人才项目(LRYCZ-2020-1);甘肃省重点研究发展计划项目(20YF8NA135)。

摘　　要：为解决黄土高原半干旱区土壤贫瘠、氮肥固持率低及化肥不合理施用问题,以陇中春小麦为研究对象,比较分析了不同耕作[传统翻耕(CT)和免耕(NT)]和施肥方式[不施氮肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、单施有机肥(M)和氮肥有机肥配施(NM)]下春小麦氮素积累量、氮素利用效率和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,NT-NM处理对各生育时期春小麦氮素积累具有显著的促进作用,使春小麦氮素偏生产力、氮素回收率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素收获指数较CT-N处理分别提高了42.93%、20.13%、83.83%和2.55%;土壤硝态氮残留量表现为NM处理低于N和M处理、免耕处理低于翻耕处理,NT-NM处理下的0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留较CT-N处理减少52.56 kg·hm^(-2);NT-NM处理优化了春小麦产量构成,提高了产量和生物量,其中产量达到了3258.26 kg·hm^(-2),比CT-N处理显著增加56.21%,有效穗数和千粒重提高是其增产的主要原因。因此,免耕结合氮肥与有机肥配施可实现春小麦增产和氮素高效利用,同时降低氮素残留对农田生态系统的潜在危害,是黄土高原旱作区春小麦生产中值得推广的耕作与施肥模式。In order to solve the problems of barren soil,low nitrogen retention rate and irrational application of chemical fertilizers in semi-arid area of Loess Plateau,spring wheat in Central Gansu province was taken as the the research object.The differences of nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat and soil nitrate nitrogen residue under different tillage methods[traditional tillage(CT)and no-tillage(NT)]and fertilization methods[no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),single chemical nitrogen fertilizer(N),single organic fertilizer(M),and nitrogen organic fertilizer combined application(NM)]were compared and analyzed.The results showed that:NT-NM treatment significantly promoted the nitrogen accumulation of spring wheat at various growth stages,which increased the nitrogen partial productivity,nitrogen recovery rate,nitrogen agronomic use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of spring wheat by 42.93%,20.13%,83.83%,and 2.55%,respectively,compared with CT-N treatment.The residual amount of soil nitrate nitrogen under NM treatment was lower than that under N and M treatments,and that under no tillage treatment was lower than that under tillage treatment.Compared with CT-N treatment,the residual amount of soil nitrate nitrogen under NT-NM treatment was decreased by 52.56 kg·hm-2 in 0-100 cm soil layer.NT-NM treatment optimized the yield components of spring wheat and increa sed the yield and biomass.The yield reached 3258.26 kg·hm-2,which was 56.21%higher than that of CT-N treatment.The increase of effective panicles per hectare and 1000-grain weight was the main reason for yield increase.Therefore,no-tillage combined with nitrogen and organic fertilizer can increase the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat,and reduce the potential damage of nitrogen residue to farmland ecosystem.It is a farming and fertilization model worthy of promotion in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau.

关 键 词：保护性耕作 氮肥有机肥配施 旱作春小麦 氮素利用效率 氮素残留量 产量 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S311