北京长城堡寨聚落水环境适应性景观特征  

Landscape Characteristics Adaptive to Water Environment of the Great Wall Fortress Settlements in Beijing

作　　者：贺鼎 郑淳之 王子瑜 HE Ding;ZHENG Chunzhi;WANG Ziyu(School of Architecture and Urban Planning,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)

机构地区：[1]北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院

出　　处：《风景园林》2023年第4期115-122,共8页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：国家自然科学基金“基于‘遗产-生态’耦合单元的京津冀明长城沿线聚落遗产保护与可持续发展研究”(编号52178029);国家自然科学基金“中国传统瓷业聚落空间形态、演变机制与保护利用研究——以景德镇为例”(编号51808022);北京建筑大学未来城市设计高精尖创新中心项目(编号UDC2020020124);北京建筑大学金字塔人才培养工程(编号JDYC20200301);北京市属高校基本科研业务费项目(编号X20163)。

摘　　要：【目的】北京长城沿线区域水环境复杂,在旱涝灾害威胁下长城堡寨聚落形成了类型多样、内涵丰富、价值突出的水适应性景观。对长城堡寨聚落的水适应性景观特征和模式进行总结提炼,以期为山地村镇聚落规划和保护提供参考和启示。【方法】根据降水量、城水距离对堡寨聚落选址进行分析,提出水穿城、近水建城、旱地堡寨3种城水关系类型。【结果】归纳得出聚落为应对旱涝双重威胁、季节性干旱、季节性洪涝3种灾害条件,其水适应性景观相应形成台田模式、坑塘模式、沟渠模式3种景观模式,并总结不同景观模式下的空间模式、调蓄模式、作物类型和礼俗信仰。【结论】北京长城堡寨聚落在复杂的水环境与军事防御等因素的影响下,形成了多样化的水适应景观模式。在传统水适应性智慧的指引下,形成了别具特色的聚落选址布局、旱涝调蓄方式和礼俗信仰。在长城国家文化公园建设背景下,研究结果对于长城文化带的保护与发展、中国传统水适应智慧的传承与延续具有重要参考意义。[Objective]Through centuries of military defense and construction,a large number of fortress settlements with military defense functions have been formed along the Great Wall,most of which survive today as natural villages.The more than 140 Great Wall fortresses established since Ming Dynasty are mostly built in mountainous environments.The influence of seasonal rainfall,mountain confluence and river systems endows the area where the aforesaid fortresses are located with greatly varied water environments and frequent droughts and floods,leading to the formation of various water adaptive landscape patterns with outstanding value within and outside the fortress settlements therein.This research summarizes and refines the water adaptive landscape characteristics and patterns of the Great Wall fortress settlements,with a view to providing reference and inspiration for the planning and conservation of mountainous village settlements.[Methods]This research analyses the siting of fortress settlements based on precipitation and distance between city and water,and proposes three types of city-water relationships:water flowing through city,city building near water,and dryland fortress.To be more specific,the research firstly collects precipitation information in the research area to analyze the precipitation situation where the settlements are located.Then the research adopts the ArcGIS 10.6 software platform to conduct a confluence analysis of the digital elevation model(DEM)and accordingly figure out the grade and distribution of the confluence river network concerned,based on which the research conducts a city-water distance analysis in combination with the distribution of settlements to outline the type of city-water relationship.In addition,the research conducts a comprehensive analysis of the drought and flood situation in the settlements,taking into account such information as river level,city-water distance and precipitation,drought/flood records in local chronicles and other relevant literature.Finally,the researc

关 键 词：风景园林 长城遗产 堡寨聚落 水适应性 文化景观 生态智慧 

分 类 号：TU982[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]