秦汉“三环”非唐代三审制来源考辨  

A Textual Analysis of the Origin That “San Huan” in the Qin and Han Dynasties Was not the “Three-Trial System” in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：郑显文 王洁 Zheng Xianwen;Wang Jie

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院,上海200234 [2]上海师范大学人文学院,上海200234

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第4期5-15,共11页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：上海市教委2017年度科研创新计划重大项目“一带一路沿线新发现的古代各民族的法律文书整理及研究”(2017-01-07-00-02-E00048)。

摘　　要：长期以来,由于文献资料的匮乏,学术界对秦汉至隋唐之际告诉程序的认识一直存在很大分歧。近年来,随着秦汉法律竹简和敦煌吐鲁番文书的发现,可以对古代诉讼制度产生新的认识。通过对秦汉时期的“三环”、汉代“三日复问”和唐代三审制度的探讨可知,秦汉之际的“三环”程序与唐代三审制度没有渊源关系。秦汉“三环”程序所适用的对象仅为年七十岁以上父母控告子孙不孝的犯罪,如果是“免老”以下者控告子孙不孝,则不适用“三环”的司法程序。中国古代的司法鉴定技术十分落后,为了防止诬告,避免发生冤假错案,两汉时期实行满三日复问的告诉程序,即首次对原告讯问后,三日后再次对原告讯问,并向控告人告知诬告反坐应承担的法律后果。由此可知,唐代的三审制度源于汉代的满三日复问程序。For a long time, due to lack of literature resources, there have been significant divergences in the understanding of the informing procedures from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties.In recent years, with the discovery of legal instrument bamboo slips of the Qin and Han dynasties as well as Dunhuang documents of Turpan, we have got a new understanding of the ancient litigation system.Through the exploration on “San Huan” in the Qin dynasty, the “Three-Day Inquiry” in the Han dynasty and the “Three-Trial System” in the Tang dynasty, we argue that the “San Huan” procedure in the Qin and Han dynasties was not necessarily related to the “Three-Trial System” in the Tang dynasty.The “San Huan” procedure in the Qin and Han dynasties only applied to parents over the age of 70 who accused their children of unfilial crimes.If a person below “exemption age” sued his or her descendants for unfilial behavior, the “San Huan” judicial procedure was not applicable.The judicial authentication technology was very backward in ancient China.To prevent false accusations and avoid the occurrence of cases in which people were unjustly charged and sentenced, the procedure of answering questions after three days had been carried out in the Han dynasty, namely interrogating the plaintiff again three days after the first interrogation and informing the accuser of the legal consequences to be borne by false accusation.It can be seen from this that the “Three-Trial System” in the Tang dynasty originated from the “Three-Day Inquiry” procedure in the Han dynasty.

关 键 词：秦汉 三环 诬告 三日复问 三审制度 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]