《尚书·甘誓》与“失礼则入刑”——以早期文明中的社会治理为视角  

The Book of Documents——Ganshi and“Voilating Etiquette is Punishable”:From the Perspective of Social Governance in Early Chinese Civilization

作　　者：李凯[1] Li Kai

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第3期5-14,26,共11页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：北京师范大学历史学院青年教师发展资助项目。

摘　　要：关于《尚书·甘誓》的研究虽汗牛充栋,然其背景仍比较模糊,有澄清的必要。有扈氏应不是甲骨文中的东方异族,而是夏之同姓;伐有扈的时间应发生在夏启之世,而非夏禹和夏后相之世。夏禹时曾出现的五星聚,给今人思考《甘誓》的背景带来一定启迪。所谓“威侮五行,怠弃三正”,应是说有扈氏对夏启鼓吹的灵异天文现象不予认可,并否定了夏启执政的合理性。所谓“天之罚”,并非夏启借“天”之威滥杀无辜,而是强调有扈氏自绝于“天”,在氏族部落中行杀伐之事为万不得已,这和中国早期国家的血缘温情是吻合的。夏商周时期强调“德以柔中国,刑以威四夷”,氏族部落内部秩序的维系以“德”与“礼”为主,讨伐同姓的事非常罕见。《甘誓》反映出周人的夏史观,流露出“失礼则入刑”的思想倾向。Although the studies on The Book of Documents——Ganshi are voluminous,its background is still vague,so it is necessary to clarify it.Youhushi should not be the eastern alien mentioned in the oracle bone inscriptions,but the same clan of Xia;and the event of attacking Youhushi should happen in the time of Xia Qi,rather than in the time of Xia Yu and Xia Houxiang.The five-star gathering,which appeared in the time of Xia Yu,has brought some inspirations for people to understand the background of Ganshi.“Bullying the five elements and neglecting the three factors”should mean that Youhushi did not recognize the supernatural astronomical phenomena advocated by Xia Qi and denied the legitimacy of Xia Qi’s rule.The so-called“Heaven’s Punishment”is not a demonstration of Xia Qi’s abuse of the power of“Heaven”to kill innocent people,but his emphasis on the fact that Youhushi’s crime was so heinous that he denied himself to heaven.“Heaven’s Punishment”is consistent with the kinship warmth of early China.The Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties put emphasis on“using virtues to soften Zhongguo and using punishment to deter barbarians from the four directions(Siyi)”.The internal order of the clan was maintained mainly by virtue and etiquette.It was very rare to crusade against the same clan.Ganshi reflects the Zhou people’s view of the history of Xia,and reveals the ideological tendency of“Voilating etiquette is punishable”.

关 键 词：早期文明 社会治理 《尚书·甘誓》 失礼则入刑 夏史观 

分 类 号：K221[历史地理—历史学]