论明代宝钞行用中的“喜新厌旧”现象  

On the Phenomenon of“Loving the New and Loathing the Old”in the Use of“Da-Ming Baochao”

作　　者：张慧然 Zhang Huiran

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学历史学院,北京102400

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第3期37-49,共13页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：“大明宝钞”是明朝政府发行的唯一纸币,行用中却出现了民众厌弃旧钞的现象。此现象是宝钞不同时期主要问题的外在表现。宝钞发行初期,因元末币制大乱给民众留下了旧钞容易被折价的印象,宝钞尚未完全取得民众信任,因此细微的钞样调整就引发了民众拿尚能使用的旧钞来在京行用库倒钞的行为。政府随即广开在外行用库,该措施反而使制度冲突导致的“制度逆变”被暴露,加剧了倒钞现象。宝钞贬值时,商贾为规避处罚,以折价或拒收旧钞的方式来达到收取其他更稳定的通货的目的。宝钞被排挤出市场后,势要之家、铺户、收钞官吏相互勾结,通过拒收旧钞的方式迫使民众纳银。明廷的应对暴露了其在危机研判、政策制定和政策执行上的不足。The“Da-Ming Baochao”was the only paper money issued by the Ming government,but there emerged a phenomenon of people spurning the old paper money in its usage.This phenomenon is the external manifestation of the main problems faced by“Baochao”at different times.In the early days of the issuance of“Baochao”,the chaos of the monetary system at the end of the Yuan dynasty left the impression that it was easy for the old paper money to be discounted,and“Baochao”had not fully gained the trust of the people.As a result,the slight adjustment of paper money samples triggered the incident that people exchanged old paper money that could still be used in“Xingyongku”(an institution set up by the government to exchange tattered paper money for new one)in the capital.The government immediately reopened“Xingyongku”in various parts of the country,which instead exposed the“system inversion”caused by institutional conflicts,and aggravated the phenomenon of replacing the old paper money with the new one.When“Baochao”depreciated,in order to avoid penalties,merchants discounted or refused to accept old paper money to achieve the purpose of obtaining other more stable currency.After“Baochao”was squeezed out of the market,the powerful families,shopkeepers,and tax officials colluded with each other and forced people to buy paper money with silver by refusing to accept old paper money.The government’s response in this incident exposed its shortcomings in assessing crisis,and formulating as well as implementing policy.

关 键 词：明代 大明宝钞 倒钞法 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]