论20世纪30年代区域性自然灾害中的治安应急法制——以1931年武汉水灾为中心  

On the Public Security Emergency Legality during the 1930s’Regional Natural Disasters:Centered on the 1931 Wuhan Flood

作　　者：刘舟祺 LIU Zhouqi

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学法学院,北京100089

出　　处：《江汉大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第2期5-15,126,共12页Journal of Jianghan University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：2020年国家社科基金项目“清末至民国时期司法改革顶层设计与省区实践比较研究”(20BFX025);武汉市社会科学重点研究课题、武汉市依法治市(普法)领导小组委托项目(武普[2014]1号);武汉市法学会、江汉大学联合主持的《武汉法治发展史》研究项目(武法学[2016]18号)。

摘　　要：1931年武汉水灾发生后,陆海空军总司令行营下达训令,成立武汉地方救灾应急的协调机构——武汉防险事务处,灾中治安事宜均由武汉警备司令部处理。依据相关法律法规,夏斗寅领导的武汉警备司令部获取灾害中治安应急管理的首要主体资格,并享有节制调遣警备区内军警的权力。针对难民收容与交通管制中的匪徒防治问题,武汉警备司令部下达治安布告,加强严密清查;针对危害他人生命权与财产权的不法匪盗,则由武汉警备司令调度军警予以缉拿,并交司令部军法处进行特殊审判。武汉警备司令统筹指挥的“军-警”治安应急机制,在武汉特大水灾中发挥了稳定社会秩序的治安效能。但是,此种过分依赖特别机关与特别法制的应急模式,也反映出南京国民政府紧急状态常规立法的不足。Soon after a heavy flood happened in Wuhan in 1931,the then Commander-in-chief of the Army,Navy,and Air Force Base ordered to set up a Wuhan regional disaster relief coordinating body,the Wuhan Emergency Prevention Affairs Office,and that the public security during the disaster was the responsibility of the Wuhan Garrison Headquarters(WGH).According to related laws and regulations,the WGH under the leadership of Xia Douyin acquired the primary subject qualification for public security emergency management during the disaster,and had the power to control and dispatch the military and police within the garrison area.The WGH issued public security bulletins and reinforced strict checks to cope with bandit problems in refugee sheltering and traffic control;the WGH also dispatched military and police to arrest gangsters and burglars that endangered the life and property rights of others and handed them over to the headquarters’Military Justice Department for special judgment.The military-police public security emergency legality under the overall command of the WGH stabilized social order and proved its public security efficiency.Nonetheless,such an emergency mode that depended excessively on especially established institution and legal system reflects the inadequacy of the Nanjing KMT Government in general legislation for the state of emergency.

关 键 词：武汉 水灾 应急法制 治安 

分 类 号：DF34[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]