力量素质对正脚背踢球动作腘绳肌生物力学特征的影响  

Effects of Strength Ability on Biomechanical Characteristics of Hamstring Muscles in Instep Kicking

作　　者：雷静民 李翰君[1] 张力文 LEI Jingmin;LI Hanjun;ZHANG Liwen(Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China;Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学,北京100084 [2]太原理工大学,山西太原030024

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2023年第4期77-83,共7页China Sport Science and Technology

摘　　要：目的:分析正脚背踢球动作中下肢和腘绳肌生物力学特征参数,探讨踢球动作腘绳肌拉伤危险时相,同时探究腘绳肌和股四头肌力量素质与踢球动作下肢和腘绳肌生物力学特征的关系,进一步明确踢球动作中腘绳肌拉伤机制。方法:以15名足球专项国家一级运动员为受试者,采集180(°)/s动作角速度下的等速腘绳肌向心(H_(con))、腘绳肌离心(H_(ecc))、股四头肌向心峰值力矩(Q_(con));采集受试者最大力正脚背踢球动作运动学和肌电数据,根据腘绳肌肌肉起止点和髋、膝关节中心的相对位置获得肌肉起止点坐标,从而获得腘绳肌3块双关节肌肌肉-肌腱复合体(muscle-tendon unit,MTU)长度,以MTU拉伸速度和标准化MTU长度为分析指标。采用样条插值法对各指标按踢球动作周期阶段进行3次归一化处理。结果:腘绳肌3块双关节肌在正脚背踢球动作小腿前摆阶段和触球随摆阶段处于激活状态并被拉长,进行离心收缩;触球随摆阶段3块双关节MTU拉伸速度、肌标准化MTU长度、肌肉激活程度均显著大于小腿前摆阶段(P<0.05),标准化MTU长度在触球随摆阶段中期达到峰值;Q_(con)与踢球腿髋关节最大屈角、髋关节活动范围显著相关(P<0.05),腘绳肌最大标准化MTU长度与H_(ecc)∶Q_(con)、髋关节最大屈角、髋关节活动范围显著相关(P<0.05)。结论:腘绳肌在正脚背踢球动作触球随摆阶段进行离心收缩,被拉长到最大,因而在这一阶段可能更易拉伤;H_(ecc)∶Q_(con)与腘绳肌最大肌肉长度呈正相关,可能反应了身体的一种保护机制;相比于其他力量素质指标,H_(ecc)∶Q_(con)更可能与腘绳肌拉伤有关。Objective:To investigate the biomechanical characteristic parameters of lower limbs and hamstring muscle during instep kicking,analyse the potential for hamstring strain,and explore the relationship between the strength ability of the hamstring and quadriceps and the biomechanical characteristics of lower limb and hamstring muscles in kicking action,and to further clarify the mechanism of a hamstring strain in kicking action.Methods:Fifteen soccer-majored first-grade athletes were enrolled as subjects,and the peak hamstring concentric torque(H_(con)),hamstring eccentric torque(H_(ecc)),and quadriceps concentric torque(Q_(con))at 180(°)/s were collected;the electromyographic and kinematic data in an instep kicking test of maximum force were collected,and the coordinates of the muscle starting and ending points were obtained according to the starting and ending points of the hamstring muscle and the relative positions of the centers of the hip and knee joints,thereby the muscle-tendon unit(MTU)length of the hamstring muscle was determined.Taking MTU elongation velocity and normalized MTU length as analysis indicators.The spline interpolation method was used to normalize each index 3 times according to the periodic stages of the kicking action.Results:Hamstring muscles are activated and elongated and exhibited eccentric contraction during leg acceleration and follow-through phases of instep kicking.The elongation velocity,hamstring normalized MTU length,and activation degree in the follow-through phase were greater than those in the leg acceleration phase(P<0.05),and the MTU length peaked in the middle follow-through phase.The peak Q_(con)was significantly correlated with the maximum hip flexion angle and the hip range of motion of the kicking leg(P<0.05).The maximum normalized hamstring MTU length was significantly correlated to the value of H_(ecc):Q_(con),the maximum hip flexion angle,and the hip range of motion(P<0.05).Conclusions:The hamstring muscle is elongated to the maximum by eccentric contraction during

关 键 词：腘绳肌拉伤 损伤机制 正脚背踢球 肌肉力量 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]