几种农业废弃物还田对烟草根结线虫病的防治效果  

Efficacy of several agricultural wastes returned to the field to control root-knot nematodes in tobacco

作　　者：陈红华 李富强 向必坤 施河丽 左梅 彭五星 谭军 CHEN Honghua;LI Fuqiang;XIANG Bikun;SHI Heli;ZUO Mei;PENG Wuxing;TAN Jun(Enshi Tobacco Company of Hubei Province Corporation,Enshi 445000,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北省烟草公司恩施州公司,湖北恩施445000

出　　处：《甘肃农业大学学报》2023年第1期114-121,129,共9页Journal of Gansu Agricultural University

基　　金：湖北省局重点项目“烟草根结线虫发生的土壤障碍因子分析及防控技术研究”(027Y2018-001)。

摘　　要：【目的】为筛选出防治根结线虫病的有效农业废弃有机物。【方法】选择湖北宣恩烟区根结线虫病发生严重的烟田,以施化学肥料作CK(对照),选用稻壳、烟草秸秆、稻壳+谷糠、烟草秸秆生物有机肥、茶枯等5组不同农业废弃物还田(15000 kg/hm2)为处理,对根结线虫病防治效果及其土壤酶活性、根系微生物群落的影响进行了研究。【结果】与对照相比,农业废弃物还田后烟株发病率和病情指数均不同程度降低,下降幅度在15.38%~76.91%和70.83%~93.78%,其中处理T_(1)(稻壳)和处理T_(3)(稻壳∶谷糠=1∶1)的病情指数显著低于对照(P<0.05)。土壤保肥能力增强,有机质含量和碱解氮均呈现不同程度的增加。土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性显著增加,较对照分别提高了16.65%~73.38%、5.89%~105.88%;磷酸酶活性也有增加的趋势,处理T_(5)(茶枯)增加幅度达25%。改变了土壤微生物群落结构和丰度,处理T_(4)(烟草秸秆生物有机肥)微生物门类最丰富,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)在处理T_(3)(稻壳∶谷糠=1∶1)、T_(2)(烟草秸秆)中相对丰度较高;微生物群类LEFSE差异性分析结果表明,处理T_(1)(稻壳)中特异微生物群类是根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)。【结论】说明5种农业废弃物还田均能降低根结线虫病的发生程度,使土壤保肥能力增强,较好的改善土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构,其中处理T_(1)(稻壳)15000 kg/hm2还田防治效果最好。【Objective】To screen for agricultural waste that could effectively control root-knot nematode.【Method】Chemical fertilizers were used as a control,and the effects of five different agricultural wastes such as rice husk,tobacco straw,rice husk and chaff,tobacco straw organic fertilizer and tea cake(15000 kg/hm2)on root-knot nematode disease,soil enzyme activity and root microbial community were investigated in the tobacco field with severe root-knot nematode disease in Xuan'en,Hubei.【Result】Tobacco plant incidence and disease index were reduced after the return of agricultural wastes,and the decline rates were 15.38%~76.91%and 70.83%~93.78%,respectively,the disease index of which treatment T_(1)(rice husk)and T_(3)(rice husk and chaff)were significantly lower than that of CK 93.77%and 89.57%.The soil fertility retention capacity was improved that the content of organic matter and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen were increased to different degrees.The soil invertase activity and urease activity increased significantly,which were 16.65%~73.38%and 5.89%~105.88%higher than that of the control;the phosphatase activity also had an increasing trend,and the increase rate of treatment T_(5)(tea cake)was up to 25%.The soil microbial community structure and composition were changed that the T_(4)(tobacco straw bioorganic fertilizer)treatment had the most abundant microbial phylum,and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were higher in the T_(3)(rice husk and chaff)and T_(2)(tobacco straw)treatments;the results of the difference analysis of the microbial group LEFSE showed that the specific microbial group in the T_(1)(rice husk)treatment was Rhizobiaceae.【Conclusion】The occurrence of root-knot nematode disease can be reduced,and soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure can be better improved by recycling the five kinds of agricultural wastes,and the treatment of T_(1)(rice husk)is the best of all.

关 键 词：农业废弃物 还田 根结线虫病 防治效果 酶活性 微生物群落 

分 类 号：S435.72[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]