木华黎史迹考——兼论木华黎家族在元大都的王府、食邑与墓地  

Muqali and His Clan’s Mansions,Fiefs and Cemeteries in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty

作　　者：马丽亚·艾海提 林梅村 Maliya·Aihaiti;Lin Meicun

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院博士后工作站 [2]北京联合大学

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2023年第3期54-68,148,149,共17页Palace Museum Journal

基　　金：北京故宫文物保护基金会;万科公益基金会专项经费资助。

摘　　要：木华黎是元朝开国元勋,其家族位高权重,在元王朝的地位仅次于成吉思汗黄金家族。1215年,元军攻陷金中都后,成吉思汗令木华黎建牙云燕(今北京)。1239年,窝阔台令速浑察国王移幕府于兴和(今张北县)。1263年,忽林池国王又奉诏将幕府东移至辽阳(今锦州市)。木华黎后王相继在兴和、辽阳封地兴建家族墓地。1265年,元世祖在燕京赐予安童四千户食邑。1285年,元大都新城落成。木华黎家族不仅在京师新城兴建王府,而且在大都路檀州仁丰乡(今北京密云区苍头村)、良乡县稻田村(今北京房山区良乡镇)、涿州房山县独树村(今北京房山区岩上村)食邑兴建家族墓地。明朝建立后,木华黎五世孙答剌麻硕理后人从涿州房山县迁往陕西大荔县。尽管木华黎凭借武力征服了中原地区,但其后裔在入主中原后却被中华文明征服,如这些蒙古王爷入乡随俗,模仿中原贵族在王府门前摆放镇宅石狮,在家族墓地开辟神道、陈列石像生,甚至改用汉姓,逐渐融入中华民族大家庭。As heirs of one of the founding statesmen of the Mongolian Empire,the descendants of Muqali held the status only second to the Genghis Khan’s golden family in the Yuan Dynasty.After the Mongolian army subdued the Jin capital of Zhongdu in 1215,Muqali was commissioned by Genghis Khan to establish a guard force in Yunyan(present Beijing).In 1239,?gedei Khan ordered Suγun?aq Noyan to move his administrative office to Xinghe(present Zhangbei County),then it was further eastward to Liaoyang(present Jinzhou)by Qurm?i Noyan in 1263.Later,the noyans from the Muqali lineage constructed clan cemeteries in their fiefs in Xinghe and Liaoyang successively.In 1265,Qubilai Khan granted four thousand households of fiscal fiefs to Hantum in Yanjing(now Beijing).The new city of Dadu as the capital of the Yuan Dynasty was completed by 1285.The Muqali built up mansions for princes in the new capital city as well as cerimetries for their family in their fiefs in Renfeng village of Tanzhou in the Dadu Lu(now Cangtou Village,Miyun District,Beijing),Daotian Village(present Liangxiang,Fangshan District),Dushu Village in Fangshan County,Zhuozhou(now Yanshang Village,Fangshan District).After the Ming Dynasty entered,descendants of Darmasiri,the fifth generation of the Muqali,emigrated to Dali County of Shaanxi Province from Fangshan County,Zhuozhou.Muqali conquered the Central Plain by force,but his offspring surrendered themselves to the central Chinese civilization,who the Mongolian noblemen learnt to take the same way as the local aristocrats placing stone fortune lions in either side of the front gate of their mansions,paving spiritual passage to graves,with stone sculptures standing along both sides.What’s more,some of them would adopt the Han-ethnic surnames to integrate themselves into the big family of Chinese nation.

关 键 词：木华黎 中原食邑 元大都王府 家族墓地 石像生 

分 类 号：K820.9[历史地理—历史学] K247K878.8