中德负有照护职责人员性侵罪中“照护职责”之规范比较分析  

Normative Analysis of"Caring Responsibilities"in the Crime of Sexual Assault by Persons with the Duty of Care in China and Germany

作　　者：赵冠男[1] Zhao Guannan

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2022年第10期123-135,共13页criminal law

摘　　要：我国学者对于负有照护职责人员性侵罪中“照护职责”的现有分析存在实质不清、要素不明、判定不准等问题。根据《德国刑法典》第174条关于照护关系的规定,在具体的照护关系类型中,亲子关系和家庭关系首要考虑的是家庭伦理和性道德,所展开的是抽象的认定与推定,最为严格也最为特殊。参照德国刑法上照护关系的具体内涵以及以教养、照顾关系为主干、以滥用工作关系为补充、以亲子关系为特例的体系结构,应明确照护职责的实质在于,照护人在人身方面对受照护者的生活方式以及精神和心理的成长进行监督和引导,以及受照护者由此对照护人产生上下从属意义上的依附关系。照护人与受照护者之间性关系的发生意味着照护关系的扭曲和依赖关系的异化,实质上是对未成年被害人性自主权的不法侵犯。“人身照护标准”涉及人身而非财产关系,关注精神而非物质关系,注重心理而非经济依赖。我国刑法所规定的照护类型中的监护、收养职责属于法定条件严格的特别类型,看护职责属于照护职责的基底类型,学校教育接近于德国刑法上的教养关系,教育(培训)、医疗职责则可在工作关系框架内进行判定。立足我国法律规定和制度框架,可以对具体照护职责的判定规则加以展开。Existing analyses by Chinese scholars of the duty of care in the crime of sexual assault by persons with the duty of care have such prominent problems as inaccuracy in specific judgment and lack of clarity in substantive meaning and core elements.If applied to criminal judicial practice,it may lead to the confusion of standards and wrong conclusions.As a reference,Article 174(1)of the German Criminal Code clearly stipulates that a person with the duty of care that commits the crime of sexual assault on a person under his care is the person who performs sexual acts with"a person who is entrusted to him for upbringing,education or care","a person who is his subordinate within a service or employment relationship,by abusing the dependence associated with the educational,care,service or employment relationship",and"a person who is his biological or adopted descendant or the biological or adopted descendant of his spouse,life partner or a person with whom he lives in a quasi-marital relationship or quasi-life partnership".In the specific forms of care,family ethics and sexual morality should be given priority in parent-child and family relationships,which have abstract,the most rigorous,and the most specific identification and presumption.The relationships of upbringing and day-to-day care are the most extensive and most common,providing the foundation and backbone of caregiving.If a relationship of upbringing and day-to-day care cannot be identified,an education or employment relationship that has lower standards,but should also contain elements of the abuse of dependent relationship,can be considered.On this basis,the essence of the duty of care is that the caregiver oversees and guides the lifestyle and spiritual and psychological development of the person under care,who is dependent on the caregiver.A sexual relationship between the caregiver and the person under care distorts the relationship of care and alienates the dependent relationship,essentially violating the sexual autonomy of the underage victim.The stan

关 键 词：性侵罪 照护职责 法教义学 德国刑法 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]