道德权利理论与敲诈勒索罪的教义学限缩  

The Theory of Moral Rights and the Doctrinal Limitation of the Crime of Extortion

作　　者：庄绪龙 Zhuang Xulong

机构地区：[1]苏州大学王健法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2022年第7期51-65,共15页criminal law

基　　金：江苏省社会科学基金青年项目“非法集资刑事案件涉案财物处置问题研究”(项目编号:20FXC001)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：当前关于敲诈勒索犯罪的司法认定逐渐呈现“口袋化”迹象。在敲诈勒索罪的限缩认定方面,权利基础理论提供了有效的思维工具,应作为司法裁判考量的重要因素。与司法机关承认法定权利、否定自然权利与敲诈勒索罪的内部关联立场不同的是,道德权利是否可以成为限缩敲诈勒索罪认定的根据,理论上存在重大争议。道德权利具备与法定权利同宗同源的权利属性,只不过未被制定法所明确列举载明而已。在经由道德权利主张继而限缩敲诈勒索罪的路径方面,应合理诠释侵权人因违反法定义务而负有“道德过错”与被侵权人遭受精神损害的条件设定。在此基础上,基于道德权利主张的前提,可以在行为性质、行为人非法占有目的、被害人交付财物的真实含义等视角对敲诈勒索罪的认定作教义学限缩,对存在道德权利基础的勒索取财行为,原则上应排除敲诈勒索罪的适用。上述出罪化立场,应遵循权利主张的个人属性立场,且以“一次性用尽”原则作为限制条件。China's current judicial identification of the crime of extortion is gradually turning into a catch-all crime,which shall be treated with vigilance.In terms of the limitation and determination of extortion,the basic theory of rights provides an effective analytical framework and should be considered as an important factor in judicial judgment.Different from the internal relationship between the judicial organs'recognition of legal rights,denial of natural rights and the crime of extortion,whether moral rights can become the basis for the determination of the crime of extortion is a major controversy in theory.In fact,moral rights have the right attribute of the same origin as legal rights,but they have not been clearly identified in the statute.In terms of the path of limiting the crime of extortion through the claim of moral rights,we should reasonably interpret the conditions for the infringer to bear"moral fault"and the infringed to suffer mental damage due to the violation of legal obligations.On this basis,based on the premise of moral right claim,we can come to a more stringent interpretation on the identification of the crime of extortion from the perspectives of the nature of the behavior,the purpose of the perpetrator s illegal possession,and the true meaning of the victim's delivery of property.This means that the application of the crime of extortion should be excluded in principle.Of course,such decriminalization should follow the personal attribute position of the claim,and take the principle of"one-time exhaustion"as the restrictive condition.

关 键 词：敲诈勒索罪 法定权利 道德权利 精神赔偿 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]