桂林透江堡文书所见明中后期广西兵堡的建立与运作  

The Establishment and Operation of Guangxi Military Fortress in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty as Seen in Toujiang Fortress Literature of Guilin

作　　者：任建敏 REN Jianmin(Center for Historical Anthropology,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China 510275;Department of History,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China 510275)

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史人类学研究中心,广东广州510275 [2]中山大学历史学系,广东广州510275

出　　处：《昆明学院学报》2023年第2期50-59,共10页Journal of Kunming University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“历史上的西南少数民族政权与国家整合研究”(项目号LSYZD21010)。

摘　　要：传统中国有着漫长的边疆治理经验,对巩固与发展中国作为统一多民族国家作出了重要贡献,不少具有中国历史特色的边疆治理经验直至当代仍有其参考意义。屯垦戍边是古代中国治边策略的重要内容。明嘉靖年间,广西地方官府开始在广西东部的军事要地大量设置兵堡,并招募桂西土兵耕种戍守。要对明中后期广西兵堡的建立与运作进行研究,才能理解其设立经过及其与周边地方社会的复杂关系。通过以桂林北部义宁、灵川二县的兵堡设置、运作为主要研究对象,以桂林透江堡文书为主要材料,分析相关文书的编纂背景、动机与历史重构的过程,从而深化对明代广西兵堡运作模式的认识。经过研究后可以发现,明中后期桂东兵堡的创设,往往以地方编户与瑶僮人群之间的矛盾为契机,经过官府征剿后,土兵在本地定居成为堡兵,瑶僮的土地成为堡田。这段屯戍历史,在明清易代后仍然为堡兵后代所继续强调。明清广西兵堡参与地方建设与职责调适的相关历史经验,对今日的边疆屯戍政策仍有其参考价值。Traditional China has a long experience in border governance,which has made important contributions to the consolidation and development of China as a unified multi-ethnic country.Many border governance experiences with Chinese historical characteristics still have significant reference to the present day.Reclamation and border defense were important contents of ancient China's border governance strategy.During the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty,Guangxi local government began to set up a large number of military fortresses in military strongholds in eastern Guangxi,and recruited chieftain soldiers from western Guangxi to cultivate and defend.This article takes the documents of Toujiang Fortress in Guilin of Guangxi as the main material,and takes the establishment and operation of military fortresses in Yining and Lingchuan counties in the northern part of Guilin as the main research object.It explores the establishment process of military fortresses in eastern Guangxi and its complex relationship with the surrounding local society in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,and analyzes the compilation background,motivation,and historical reconstruction process of relevant documents,in order to deepen the understanding of the operational mode of military fortresses in Guangxi during the Ming Dynasty.This study points out that the establishment of military fortresses in eastern Guangxi often took the conflict between local households and the Yao and Zhuang peoples as an important opportunity.After the suppression,the chieftain soldiers settled down as fortress soldiers,and the field of Yao and Zhuang became the fortress field.This period of stationing garrison history was still emphasized by the descendants of the fortress soldiers in the Ming and Qing Dynasty.The relevant historical experience of Guangxi military fortresses participating in local construction and responsibility adjustment during the Ming and Qing Dynasty still has reference value for today's border stationing garrison policy.

关 键 词：广西 土兵 兵堡 堡田 屯垦戍边 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K289[历史地理—中国史]