Robust Image Watermarking Using LWT and Stochastic Gradient Firefly Algorithm  

作　　者：Sachin Sharma Meena Malik Chander Prabha Amal Al-Rasheed Mona Alduailij Sultan Almakdi 

机构地区：[1]Department of CSE,Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,Guntur,Andhra Pradesh,522302,India [2]Deparmtent of CSE,Chandigarh University,Mohali,Punjab,140413,India [3]Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,Chitkara University,Punjab,140401,India [4]College of Computer and Information Sciences,Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University,84428,Riyadh,11671,Saudi Arabia [5]Department of Computer Science,College of Computer Science and Information Systems,Najran University,Najran,55461,Saudi Arabia

出　　处：《Computers, Materials & Continua》2023年第4期393-407,共15页计算机、材料和连续体（英文）

基　　金：funded by Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2022R235);Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.

摘　　要：Watermarking of digital images is required in diversified applicationsranging from medical imaging to commercial images used over the web.Usually, the copyright information is embossed over the image in the form ofa logo at the corner or diagonal text in the background. However, this formof visible watermarking is not suitable for a large class of applications. In allsuch cases, a hidden watermark is embedded inside the original image as proofof ownership. A large number of techniques and algorithms are proposedby researchers for invisible watermarking. In this paper, we focus on issuesthat are critical for security aspects in the most common domains like digitalphotography copyrighting, online image stores, etc. The requirements of thisclass of application include robustness (resistance to attack), blindness (directextraction without original image), high embedding capacity, high Peak Signalto Noise Ratio (PSNR), and high Structural Similarity Matrix (SSIM). Mostof these requirements are conflicting, which means that an attempt to maximizeone requirement harms the other. In this paper, a blind type of imagewatermarking scheme is proposed using Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT)as the baseline. Using this technique, custom binary watermarks in the formof a binary string can be embedded. Hu’s Invariant moments’ coefficientsare used as a key to extract the watermark. A Stochastic variant of theFirefly algorithm (FA) is used for the optimization of the technique. Undera prespecified size of embedding data, high PSNR and SSIM are obtainedusing the Stochastic Gradient variant of the Firefly technique. The simulationis done using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) tool and it is shown that theproposed technique outperforms the benchmark techniques of watermarkingconsidering PSNR and SSIM as quality metrics.

关 键 词：Image watermarking lifting wavelet transform discrete wavelet transform(DWT) firefly technique invariant moments 

分 类 号：TP391.41[自动化与计算机技术—计算机应用技术]