藏文“乌梅”(dbu med)字体源流考  

A Study on the Origion of the Tibetan Dbu Med Script

作　　者：沙木谢克 索南多杰(译)[1] Sam van Schaik;Sonam Dorje(Northwest Minzu University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730030)

机构地区：[1]西北民族大学中国语言文学学部,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《青海民族大学学报（藏文版）》2022年第4期107-132,共26页Journal of qinghai minzu University：Tibetan Version

摘　　要：本文以古字形学理论为支撑,参考古罗马文行书发展史及其文字特点,比对藏文碑文和敦煌文献中出现的字体,发现敦煌文献藏文字体大致分为五种字体:即仿写石刻字体的“方形乌金体”、抄写佛经所用的“佛经乌金体”、在中亚和敦煌发现用于书写军情信函的“军用乌金体”、吐蕃执政时期的“公文乌金体”以及“早期乌梅体”等。通过对上述字体的特点、笔画演变和书写规律,以及书写者的身份特征等方面进行综合考证,推断出藏文乌梅体(无头体)是受吐蕃时期政治体制的影响,为了适应早起方形碑文字体快速书写的要求,有些单一笔画进行连笔书写,删除冗笔,简略笔画,变方形体为圆形,逐步形成早期乌梅体。经吐蕃执政时期敦煌等地从政人员有组织的系统性学习,该字体得以推广使用。九世纪吐蕃王朝灭亡,开始了漫长的分割时期,虽然对当时社会的方方面面造成了巨大冲击,但由于失去了统一规范的羁绊,相反有力推动了藏文字体的发展,出现了多种变体,趋于多元化。因此,藏文乌梅体的书写形式是在长期的发展演变中逐步形成的,而非一蹴而就。Based on the theoretical support of ancient calligraphy,referring to the development history of running script in ancient Roman and its letter characteristics,and comparing the fonts appearing in Tibetan inscriptions and Dunhuang documents,it is found that the Tibetan fonts appearing in Dunhuang documents are roughly divided into many shapes and styles.Through textual research on the characteristics of the above-mentioned fonts,the changing process of strokes,the writing rules,and the identity characteristics of the writers,it is inferred that the Tibetan Dbu Med was influenced by the political system of the Tubo Period and required for the rapid writing of early square inscription fonts.Some single strokes were written in tandem,redundant strokes were deleted,and the square shape was sketched into a circle,resulting in the formation of the early Dbu Med.During the Tubo reign,political personnel in Dunhuang and other places conducted systematic and organized learning about this,thereby consolidating the promotion and use of Tibetan fonts,as well as the demise of Tubo.Although it had caused a huge impact on all aspects of society at that time,due to the loss of the shackles of unified norms,it effectively promoted the development of Tibetan fonts,resulting in the emergence of multiple fonts.From these perspectives,the evolution and origin of the unique and aesthetically pleasing Dbu Med seen today are elaborated,resulting in a conclusion that the writing form of Tibetan Dbu Med was not seen today at its inception,but formed through long-term development and evolution.

关 键 词：碑文 乌梅体 笔画 字体 敦煌文献 

分 类 号：K877.42[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]