川西北高原地区藏族传统石砌民居环境适应性研究  

A Study on Environmental Adaptability of Traditional Tibetan Dwellings:Stone Masonry Structures on Northwestern Sichuan Plateau

作　　者：刘燕 张箫 杨尽 王春建 向明顺 Liu Yan;Zhang Xiao;Yang Jin

机构地区：[1]成都理工大学旅游与城乡规划学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2023年第2期99-110,共12页Sichuan Cultural Relics

基　　金：2021年度国家自然科学基金面上项目“川西高山峡谷区乡村聚落宜居性评价研究”(项目编号:42071232);2021年度文化产业发展研究中心项目“巴蜀文化旅游走廊建设中非遗保护与传承的创新路径研究”(项目编号:WHCY2021A01)。

摘　　要：民居对环境的适应性不仅表现在对地质、地形、气候等自然环境的适应,还表现在对民族环境、历史环境及社会环境的适应上。川西北高原地区藏族传统石砌民居对环境的适应性主要表现有:民居选址常为距水源较近、耕作半径小、地势趋缓且能避风向阳的地块;布局多为三或四层,各层功能相异;建筑大都就地取材,选择承重性、保温性和耐久性等较好的石材作为主要建筑材料,同时以粘性较强的黄土作为石材间的粘合剂;力求整体性、稳定性的结构体系与墙身形态体现出对抗震与安全的需求;石墙的砌筑、门窗的设置既是出于防寒的考虑,也发挥防御的功能;功能分区、形式和装饰方面则突出其鲜明的藏民族文化特色。The environmental adaptability of dwellings not only shows up in the adaptation to geology,topography,climate and other natural environments,but also in the adaptation to the ethnic,historical and social environments.The Northwestern Sichuan Plateau is located in the northwestern part of Sichuan province,where the land is sparsely populated,with high mountains and deep valleys.It has long winter and no summer throughout the year,with spring and autumn coming in succession.Frequent seismic activity often causes geological hazard such as landslide.It's home to twenty-five ethnic groups,mainly Tibetans,therefore has a integrated and diversified culture.The livelihood of Tibetan people is agriculture-based,with animal husbandry as a secondary industry.Their common religious belief is Buddhism.The environmental adaptation of traditional Tibetan stone masonry dwellings in Northwestern Sichuan Plateau is mainly manifested in the following aspects:firstly,they are usually located in flat and sunny terrain with shelter from the wind and a small cultivating radius,and are often close to water supplies;secondly,the stone masonry dwellings are often three-storey or four-storey,with each floor serving different functions;thirdly,they are made with local materials,including local stone with good load-bearing capability,insulation and durability,and loess with strong viscosity as adhesive;fourthly,the remarkable integrity and stability manifested in their structure and form of wall reflect the need for earthquake resistance and safety;fifthly,the stone walls and setting of doors and windows serve defensive function besides cold-resistance;lastly,their function division,form and decoration highlight the distinctive characteristics of the Tibetan culture.

关 键 词：环境适应性 藏族传统民居 石砌 川西北高原 

分 类 号：TU253[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论]