氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响  

Effects of application of nitrogen on seed yield and quality of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

作　　者：宋毅 李静 谷贺贺 陆志峰[1] 廖世鹏[1] 李小坤[1] 丛日环[1] 任涛[1] 鲁剑巍[1] SONG Yi;LI Jing;GU He-He;LU Zhi-Feng;LIAO Shi-Peng;LI Xiao-Kun;CONG Ri-Huan;REN Tao;LU Jian-Wei(College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《作物学报》2023年第7期2002-2011,共10页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31872173);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662020ZHPY005)资助。

摘　　要：为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。To explore the effects of N fertilizer rates on seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed,field experiments were carried out in Wuxue County,Hubei Province during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons.The experiments were set at five nitrogen application levels of 0,90,180,270,and 360 kg N hm^(–2).Rapeseed yield,N concentration,and rapeseed quality indexes were measured at maturity stage.The results showed that N application significantly increased rapeseed yield and N content.Compared with the zero N application,the average yield increase after N application was 1548 kg N hm^(–2),and the average yield increase rate was up to 32.9%.Within the range of N application rate of 0–270 kg N hm^(–2),rapeseed yield increased significantly with the application of N fertilizer.If N application was continued,rapeseed yield did not change significantly or had a downward trend.N application mainly improved rapeseed yield by increasing the number of pods per plant.N application significantly increased protein content in rapeseed.When the N application rate was 270 kg N hm^(–2),the protein content was the highest.N application significantly reduced the seed oil content.For every 100 kg N hm^(–2) increase in nitrogen application,the seed oil content decreased by 1.6%.With the increase of N fertilizer application rate,glucosinolate,oleic acid,linolenic acid,erucic acid,and saturated fatty acids(palmitic acid and stearic acid)increased,while linoleic acid decreased in rapeseed.Rapeseed quality decreased as a whole.In conclusion,to pursue high-quality edible oil and take into account rapeseed yield,the application rate of N fertilizer was 180 kg N hm–2.The optimal application rate of N fertilizer was 270 kg N hm^(–2) when rapeseed yield and rapeseed cake were taken into account.

关 键 词：氮肥用量 冬油菜 品质 含油率 蛋白质产量 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]