16世纪英国大众饮食变迁  

The Changes in Popular Diet in 16th Century England

作　　者：胡涵雪 HU Hanxue

机构地区：[1]西华师范大学历史文化学院,四川南充637000

出　　处：《深圳社会科学》2023年第3期152-160,共9页Social Sciences in Shenzhen

基　　金：西华师范大学博士科研启动基金项目“近代英国农业技术改良研究”(17E018);西华师范大学国家社会科学基金一般培育项目“市场需求与近代早期英国农业的商业化”(18B005)。

摘　　要：16世纪是英国的社会转型时期,相较于中世纪晚期,此时英国广大民众的饮食发生了明显的变化。由于谷物、饮品、肉类等食物的供应更为充足,大众的饮食结构也呈现出相对多样化的特点,人们体内摄入的营养成分也越发优质丰富。英国大众的饮食变迁与社会发展密切相关,虽然此时英国面临着人口显著增长以及“价格革命”下的物价上涨等问题,但是大众通过经营地产、从事商业和畜牧业等各类经济活动增加了收入,政府还多次颁布工资敕令调整雇工工资,进一步调节他们的收入水平。除了在粮食歉收、战争这样的特殊时期,实际上大众生活水平相较中世纪晚期整体有所提高。英国早期的农业技术革命兴起,耕作制度的改良、土壤肥力的增加提高了农业生产率,英国粮食产量增加。新航路的开辟促进了英国海外贸易的发展,英国进口了香料、葡萄酒、糖等异域食物,随着生活水平的提高,这些食物逐渐出现在大众的餐桌上。英国大众饮食观念也随之发生变化,并影响了他们对食物的选择。大众不再仅追求饱腹,还开始重视起饮食健康。大众饮食的变迁对英国社会产生了深远的影响,在获得充足、富有营养的食物后,大众的健康状况有所改善。与此同时,酿酒师、面包师、屠夫等与食物有关的职业也逐渐专业化,英国国内的食品市场和餐饮业也得以进一步发展。The 16th century was a period of social transformation in England.Compared to the late Middle Ages,there was a significant change in the diet of the English population at that time.Due to the more abundant supply of grain,beverages,meat,and other foods,the dietary structure of the population became relatively diversified,and the nutrients absorbed by people’s bodies became more high-quality and plentiful.The changes in the English diet were closely related to social development.Although England was facing problems such as significant population growth and price inflation due to the“price revolution,”the public increased their income through various economic activities such as managing real estate,engaging in commerce and animal husbandry.The government also issued wage edicts several times to adjust employee salaries,further regulating their income levels.Except for special times such as grain shortages or wartime,the overall standard of living for the public was actually improved compared to the late Middle Ages.The rise of England’s early agricultural technological revolution,the improvement of the cultivation system,and the increase in soil fertility improved agricultural productivity and increased grain yields.The opening of new routes promoted the development of England’s overseas trade.England imported exotic foods such as spices,wine,and sugar.With the improvement of living standards,these foods gradually appeared on the tables of the masses.The English public’s dietary concept also changed,which affected their food choices.They no longer pursued only satiety but began to focus on dietary health.The changes in the English diet had far-reaching effects on English society.With sufficient and nutritious food,the health of the public improved.At the same time,professions related to food such as brewers,bakers,and butchers gradually became more specialized.The domestic food market and catering industry in England were further developed as a result.

关 键 词：16世纪 饮食文化 英国大众 饮食结构 生活水平 

分 类 号：K103[历史地理—历史学]