肥料种类与浓度对灌水器堵塞特征的影响及防堵策略  

Effects of fertilizer type and concentration on the clogging characteristics of emitters and anti-clogging strategies

作　　者：王惠[1] 凌刚 查晴 钟华莉 王文娥[1] 胡笑涛[1] WANG Hui;LING Gang;ZHA Qing;ZHONG Huali;WANG Wen’e;HU Xiaotao(Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Areas,Ministry of Education,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学旱区农业工程教育部重点试验室,杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2023年第5期53-60,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52079113,U2243235)。

摘　　要：为降低堵塞风险,延长灌溉系统使用寿命,提高灌溉施肥均匀度,研究通过3种滴灌带(管)水肥一体化长周期堵塞试验,测试尿素、硫酸钾、氯化钾、磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵在不同浓度(0、0.4、0.8、1.0、1.2 g/L)滴灌时各灌水器堵塞性能,结合场发射扫描电镜、EDS表面能谱分析和X射线衍射仪等物质分析方法,探究肥料种类及浓度对灌水器堵塞及堵塞物质累积的影响,并揭示水肥一体化滴灌灌水器化学堵塞形成过程。结果显示:不同肥料种类、浓度对迷宫灌水器造成的影响不同。随着浓度增加,尿素灌溉下侧翼迷宫滴灌带相对流量下降速率加快,存在堵塞风险;磷酸二铵灌溉下,发生明显堵塞;片状滴灌带相对平均流量和灌溉均匀系数随灌水次数增加而降低,且降幅随肥液浓度增大而增大。堵塞物干质量都随着灌水次数的增加而增加,与灌水器的相对流量和灌溉均匀系数随着灌水次数的增加而降低的趋势吻合。随着肥液浓度的升高,水流剪切力对堵塞物质影响越小。因此,磷酸二铵的施肥浓度以不超过1.2 g/L为宜。研究可为控制滴灌系统化学堵塞、延长灌水器使用寿命提供依据。Water-saving irrigation area has increased steadily in China,with the rapid development of mechanized farming and land transfer.Among them,drip irrigation can greatly contribute to agricultural water-saving and high efficiency in northwest and northeast China.Drip irrigation can directly transport the fertilizer with water to the root zone of crops,and then effectively improve the fertilizer utilization rate.But the improper fertilization can lead to emitter blockage and a decrease in fertilization uniformity,resulting in crop yield loss.It is a high demand to implement chemical blockage in the field,due to the high requirements.In this study,the clogging performance was tested using commonly-used emitters(Inlaid cylindrical labyrinth emitter,E1;Inlaid patch labyrinth emitter,E2;Flanking labyrinth emitter,E3)with the Urea(UREA),Sulphate of potassium(SOP),Muriate of potash(MOP),Monoammonium phosphate(MAP),Diammonium phosphate(DAP)under different concentrations(0,0.4,0.8,1.0,1.2 g/L).The morphology and composition of clogged substances inside the emitter were analyzed to combine with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),surface energy spectrum analysis(EDS),and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The sensitive fertilizer and emitter were then determined for the reasonable suggestions of fertigation.A theoretical basis was provided to inhibit the chemical clogging by an indoor simulated irrigation acceleration experiment.The results showed that there were different effects of fertilizers on the hydraulic properties and clog development of drip irrigation tape.There was no influence of potassium fertilizer on the hydraulic properties of E1 and E2,but little effect was found on the clogging degree of E3.Little influence was found in the mono-ammonium phosphate on the hydraulic performance of E1,but there was a slight blockage to E2 and E3.Diammonium phosphate was irrelated to the hydraulic performance of E1,but there was a slight blockage to E3,and a serious blockage to E2.Urea did not affect E1 and E2,but there w

关 键 词：灌溉 肥料 水肥一体化 滴灌 灌水器 抗堵塞性能 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程]