控释氮肥对寒地黑土玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Yield,Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Cold Black Soil

作　　者：郑雨 姬景红[1] 马星竹 刘双全 郝小雨 赵月 李杰 ZHENG Yu;JI Jinghong;MA Xingzhu;LIU Shuangquan;HAO Xiaoyu;ZHAO Yue;LI Jie(Heilongjiang Institute of Black Soil Protection and Utilization,Harbin 150086,China;Postdoctoral Workstation,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Harbin 150086,China;Daqing Branch,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Daqing 163316,China)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省黑土保护利用研究院,黑龙江哈尔滨150086 [2]黑龙江省农业科学院博士后工作站,黑龙江哈尔滨150086 [3]黑龙江省农业科学院大庆分院,黑龙江大庆163316

出　　处：《黑龙江农业科学》2023年第5期28-34,共7页Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划子课题(2022YFD1500905-2);黑龙江省农业科学院引进人才科研启动金项目(HTY202201302)。

摘　　要：为了进一步明确氮肥施用效率,采用田间定位试验方法,研究了控释氮肥和普通氮肥配合施用对寒地黑土玉米产量、氮肥利用及氮素平衡的影响。试验设5个处理,①不施氮肥(CK);②全部普通氮肥基施(BU);③全部控释氮肥基施(CRU);④农民习惯施肥,即40%BU基肥,60%BU追肥(FP);⑤60%CRU与40%BU混合基施(MBC)。结果表明,控释氮肥与普通氮肥配合施用(MBC)能显著提高玉米产量、经济效益和氮肥利用率(NUE),减少氮素在土壤剖面中的残留,降低氮素损失。与FP相比,MBC处理3年平均增产6.9%(P<0.05),增收27.8%(P<0.05),氮素吸收增加5.8%(P<0.05),氮肥利用率显著增加14.7%(P<0.05)。且0~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~90 cm土壤剖面中土壤无机氮(SIN)累积量分别占总量的44.8%~51.8%、32.2%~34.9%、15.5%~21.6%。控释氮肥与普通氮肥配合一次性基施(MBC),土壤剖面SIN累积量在0~90 cm剖面中,MBC处理较FP降低10%(P<0.05),在60~90 cm剖面中降低30.7%(P<0.05),氮素损失减少7.1%,氮素在土壤-作物体系中的盈余减少9.1%。控释氮肥单独施用(CRU)较普通氮肥单独施用(BU)在玉米产量、效益及氮素利用等方面具有显著正效应,但不如二者配合施用(MBC)效果好。从产量、效益、氮素利用及氮素循环等综合因素考虑,控释氮肥与普通氮肥以6∶4比例配合施用(MBC)是该地区玉米高效施肥最佳措施。In order to further verify the efficiency of nitrogen application,the effects of combined application of controlled release N fertilizer and common N fertilizer on maize yield,nitrogen utilization and nitrogen balance in black soil of cold region were studied by fixed-site experiment.Five treatments were set up:①no N fertilizer(CK);②all commonN fertilizer basal application(BU);③total controlled release N fertilizer basal application(CRU);④farmers practice,thatis 40%BU basal fertilization,60%BU top dressing(FP);⑤60%CRU and 40%BU mixed basal application(MBC).The results showed that combined application of controlled release N fertilizer with common N fertilizer(MBC)significantly increased maize yield,economic benefit,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),reduced N residue in soil profile,and reduced N loss.Compar ed with FP,MBC treatment increased yield by 6.9%(P<0.05),benefit by 27.8%(P<0.05),and N use efficiency by 14.7%(P<0.05).The accumulation of soil inorganic nitrogen(SIN)in 0-30 cm,30-60 cm and 60-90 cm soil profiles accounted for 44.8%-51.8%,32.2%-34.9%and 15.5%-21.6%of total SIN in the soil profile(0-90 cm),respectively.Compared with FP,in the soil profile(0-90 cm),SIN accumulation decreased by 10.0%,N loss decreased by 7.1%,and N surplus in soil-crop system decreased by 9.1%when controlled release N fertilizer combined with common N fertilizer was applied at one time basal(MBC).Compared with BU,CRU had significant positive effects on maize yield,benefit and N utilization,but it was not as good as MBC.Considering the yield,benefit,N use efficiency and N cycling,MBC with a ratio of 6∶4 was the best method for efficient fertilization of maize in this region.

关 键 词：控释氮肥 玉米 产量 效益 氮肥利用率 氮素累积与分布 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]