20世纪70—90年代美国环境管制的路径转向及其深层背景分析  

Environmental Regulation in the United States from 1970s to 1990s:Model Shift and Deep Background

作　　者：刘向阳[1] LIU Xiangyang(School of History and Culture,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050024,China)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学历史文化学院,河北石家庄050024

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期94-105,共12页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：河北省社会科学基金项目“20世纪后半期美国环境治理与煤炭行业的转型及其对我省的启示”(项目编号:HB18SL003)。

摘　　要：20世纪70—90年代,美国的环境管制路径逐步由命令-控制型演变成市场调节型,即将经济刺激和市场调节手段引入环境治理之中。命令-控制型环境管制以20世纪70年代通过的大量环境管制法案和新成立的环境管制机构为典型代表,对医治环境污染取得了一定成效,但亦因自身的严重弊端而亟需变革。大量原始官方文献显示市场调节型环境管制的酝酿萌生与对命令-控制型环境管制的反思桴鼓相应,经历了漫长复杂的生长培育机制,期间里根的新保守主义改革提供了强有力的刺激,最终因自身的诸多优势而成为美国环境管制的主要手段。美国环境管制路径的转向源于当时美国社会的特定情势,作为美国社会治理转向的有机组成部分,是对里根执政的核心理念的强力因应。From 1970s to 1990s,the model of environmental regulation in the United States gradually changed from command⁃control to market⁃oriented regulation,and began to introduce economic stimulus and market regulation into environmental governance.Command⁃control environmental regulation is indicated by both a large number of environmental acts and the newly established environmental agencies in the 1970s.The command⁃control model achieved certain results in curing environmental pollution,but it was also in urgent need of reform due to its own serious shortcomings.A large number of original official documents show that the emergence of market⁃oriented environmental regulation corresponds to the reflection on command⁃control environmental regulation,and that it has gone through a long and complicated growth and cultivation mechanism.During this period,Reagan’s neo⁃conservative reform provided a strong stimulus and eventually became the main means of environmental regulation in the United States because of its many advantages.The driving force behind the U.S.environmental control model shift originated from the specific conditions of the American society at that time.As an integral part of the U.S.social governance shift it was a strong response to the core ideas of the Reagan administration.

关 键 词：美国环境管制 命令-控制型 市场调节型 新保守主义 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学]