巫术、仪轨与盟约:内贝斯基·沃捷科维茨的西藏社会知识论和实践观  

Magic,Rituals,and Oaths:the Tibetan Social Epistemology and Practice View of RenéDe Nebesky-Wojkowitz

作　　者：红星央宗 Hongxing Yangdzom(College of History Culture and Tourism,Sichuan Normal University,Chengdu,Sichuan)

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学历史文化与旅游学院,四川成都610066

出　　处：《西藏大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第1期74-84,共11页Journal of Tibet University

摘　　要：奥地利学者内贝斯基·沃捷科维茨的代表作《西藏的神灵和鬼怪》,通过梳理西藏护法神体系及其崇拜形式,阐释代言神巫的巫术性格与萨满气质,揭示了其关于前佛教时期西藏社会组织样态和政治制度的构想,与对佛教弘传以来藏地宗教生活样式的判断。尽管内贝斯基在该书中并未就西藏的宗教信仰和知识传统作出系统论述,而在广义上将西藏的宗教体系划分为佛教与非佛教两类,将其知识形态归纳为“经典-文书”与“仪式-巫术”两种;但这一分类逻辑仍反映出内贝斯基对藏人信仰实践中苯教遗存和萨满色彩的理解,显露了其关于盟约誓言在巩固社会团结上的积极态度。文章即以《西藏的神灵和鬼怪》一书为例,通过分析内贝斯基在组织神话、传说、宗教经典等文本过程中的知识取向和书写逻辑,探讨风俗约定、巫术行为和宗教经验在形塑西藏社会知识传统与民间信仰体系上的实践机制。Oracles and Demons of Tibet is the masterpiece of Austrian scholar RenéDe Nebesky-Wojkowitz,which implies his conception of the social organization and political system of Tibet during the pre-Buddhist pe⁃riod and his judgment on the style of Tibetan religious life since the spread of Buddhism,by the means of sorting out the system of Tibetan protective deities and its sacrifice rituals,and explaining its magic character and Sha⁃manistic temperament of the oracle-priests.Although Nebesky-Wojkowitz did not make a systematic discussion on Tibetan religious beliefs and knowledge tradition,instead of to broadly divide its religious system into two cat⁃egories of Buddhism and non-Buddhism,and summarized its knowledge forms into two types of"scriptures-doc⁃uments"and"rituals-magic".This classification method still reflects his understanding about the cultural re⁃mains of the Bon religion and Shamanism in the Tibetan belief practice,as well as his positive attitude regarding the role of covenant and oaths in consolidating social solidarity.This article,based on the book"Oracles and De⁃mons of Tibet",aims to explore the practical mechanism of customs,magic and religious experience in shaping Tibetan knowledge tradition and folk belief system,through analyzing Nebesky-Wojkowitz's knowledge orienta⁃tion and writing logic in the process of writing myths,legends,religious classics and other texts.

关 键 词：《西藏的神灵和鬼怪》 护法神体系 非佛教传统 巫术 俗约 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理]