美国防空识别区的设立、运行实践与基本逻辑  

The U.S.Air Defense Identification Zones(ADIZ):Establishment,Operational Practice and Basic Logic

作　　者：曹群 Cao Qun

机构地区：[1]中国国际问题研究院美国研究所

出　　处：《美国研究》2023年第2期54-73,6,共21页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“外国防空识别区现行规则研究”(项目批准号:21FGJB015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自1950年划设防空识别区以来,美国防空识别区制度多有调整,不少条款都曾历经重大修改。美国防空识别区范围虽有变化,但对本国陆地、领海及领海之外大面积区域一直皆有覆盖,且迄今仍覆盖他国无争议领空。美国防空识别区规则起初曾在是否适用所有航空器的问题上表述模糊,但1961~2003年一直明确仅适用民用航空器,2004年后再度模糊化为“所有航空器”,而相关实践和法律文件显示其并不适用外国军机。美国防空识别区规则从1961年修订起对“适用”情况严苛化,整体上已明确排除“仅穿越”情况的适用,并将“通过防空识别区”与“飞入、飞离或飞经美国”相联系的限定条件延续至今。美国防空识别区制度与其对“航行自由”的国际法解读相一致,即凭借其强大军力,主要是以“排除法”辨识“真正威胁”,力图在他国与本国领空之外实现“攻守兼备”。Since originally declared in 1950,U.S.ADIZ rules have changed greatly,and a lot of provisions have been significantly modified.Despite numerous adjustments,U.S.ADIZ rules have consistently covered the airspace over not only its land,territorial waters and the high seas or exclusive economic zones adjacent to its coast,but also undisputed territorial airspace of other neighboring countries to date.At first,the U.S.blurred the distinction between civil and military aircraft in terms of ADIZ rules applicability,but from 1961 to 2003 it made clear that the rules only apply to civil aircraft.Though in 2004 U.S.ADIZ regulations were amended to indicate that the rules applied to"all aircraft",it can be inferred from practice and related domestic legal documents that the regulations are not applicable to foreign military aircraft.In terms of applicable conditions,U.S.ADIZ rules have been restricted since the 1961 amendment-the application to aircraft"merely transiting"has been explicitly excluded,and"into,within,or out of the United States through an ADIZ"has hitherto existed as a restrictive condition.U.S.ADIZ practice is unified with its interpretation of international law on"freedom of navigation,"relying on its powerful military might,and mainly utilizing"the method of exclusion"to identify"real security threats",the U.S.has striven to achieve an offensedefense balance in the areas beyond its own territorial airspace as well as other countries'airspace.

关 键 词：美国军事与外交 防空识别区 《国际民用航空公约》 

分 类 号：E712[军事—军事理论]