美国保守主义的演进、现状及困境  

American Conservatism:Process,Current Situation and Dilemma

作　　者：徐海娜 姚寰宇 Xu Haina;Yao Huanyu

机构地区：[1]山东大学东北亚学院 [2]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《美国研究》2023年第2期100-123,7,8,共26页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

摘　　要：美国保守主义是一种政治思潮,也是一个“政治进程”。美国保守主义的变化受国际环境、经济结构、利益集团、族群人口等现实因素影响,尤其与美国激进自由主义的变动相对应,落实到共和党的政策执行中深刻影响了美国两党政治的分化组合。冷战期间由传统保守派、南方保守派和新保守派组成的联盟,以推翻新政联盟为其宗旨。冷战结束后,保守主义影响力在小布什执政时期达到巅峰后逐渐下行。特朗普上台后,其执政理念代表着民族与民粹保守主义对激进自由主义的再度反击,保守主义思潮也一度复兴。特朗普败选后,共和党内部派系林立亟待调整,保守主义的发展也陷入困境。美国2022年中期选举的结果恰恰表明特朗普效应的双重性和共和党极度保守的社会文化政策亟待调整的现实。此后,美国保守主义的走向和共和党内部未来的变化,关系到美国两党政治走向及内外政策。American conservatism is a trend of political thought and a"political process"that has been shaped by various factors such as the international environment,economic structures,interest groups,ethnic groups,population,and other realistic considerations.The evolution of American conservatism has been significantly influenced by the transformation of radical liberalism in the United States.The changes in American conservatism have had a profound impact on the implementation of Republican policies and have contributed to the polarization of American politics.During the Cold War,a coalition of traditional conservatives,southern conservatives and neoconservatives sought to replace the New Deal coalition.The rise of conservatism peaked under the George W.Bush administration,but has since been in decline.Donald Trump's governing style embodies national conservatism and populist conservatism,which opposes radical liberalism and seeks to revitalize conservatism.However,Trump's defeat in the 2020 election has created divisions within the Republican Party,which urgently needs to reconcile its factions and develop conservatism.The outcome of the 2022 midterms reveals the dual nature of the Trump effect and the need to revise the Republican Party's highly conservative social and cultural policies.The trajectory of American conservatism and future changes within the Republican Party have implications for bipartisan politics and U.S.domestic and foreign policy.

关 键 词：美国政治 保守主义 两党政治 激进自由主义 民族保守主义 2022年中期选举 

分 类 号：D771.2[政治法律—政治学]