国际法上个人刑事责任及模式的早期发展——兼论远东国际军事法庭的运用  

The Early Development of Modes of Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law:Theoretical Origins and the Jurisprudence of International Military Tribunal for the Far East

作　　者：冷新宇[1] Leng Xinyu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第2期37-57,共21页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：远东国际军事法庭对个人刑事责任模式的运用与发展,是其对国际刑法实体规则的重要贡献。法庭论述的重要责任模式包括共谋、共同正犯、其他从犯、指挥官责任,是后来联合国特设刑事法庭运用责任模式的源头。东京审判并非凭空创设国际刑法上的责任模式,其适用的责任模式来自对《凡尔赛和约》及莱比锡审判确立的习惯国际法和一般法律原则的阐发,也吸收了苏联刑法学理论。在此基础上,东京审判创造性地运用了未完成犯罪中的共谋理论,既将其作为独立犯罪惩处,又作为共同正犯的表现形式,为联合国特设刑事法庭扩张犯罪实行的概念奠定了基础;东京审判还阐述和发展了各类从犯形式;东京审判也是指挥官责任被国际刑事审判确认为习惯国际法的关键性一步。The application and development of modes of individual criminal responsibility by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East(IMTFE)is an important contribution to the substantive rules of International Criminal Law.Covering almost all modes of liability under international criminal law,the jurisprudence of IMTFE became the cradle of these liability model theories.The important modes of responsibility,upon which Tribunal relies,include conspiracy,co-perpetrator,other forms of complicity,and command responsibility,the reasoning of which has become the theoretical sources of the United Nations ad hoc Tribunals.The modes of responsibility applied by the Tokyo Tribunal derived from customary law both enshrined and confirmed by the Versailles Treaty and subsequent Leipzig Trial,as well as general principle of law.The Tokyo Tribunal also absorbed the doctrines of the Soviet Criminal Law.What is of particular concern is that the Tokyo Tribunal creatively used the doctrine of conspiracy on the one hand as a count of inchoate crime,and on the other hand as a manifestation of co-perpetrator.The Tokyo Tribunal's expanded form of the notion of co-perpetrator,established a firm foundation for the UN ad hoc Tribunals.The Tokyo Tribunal elaborated almost all forms of complicities.In addition,the Tokyo Tribunal is also a critical step confirming command responsibility of customary nature by international criminal justice.

关 键 词：远东国际军事法庭 责任模式 共谋 共同正犯 指挥官责任 

分 类 号：D995[政治法律—国际法学] D997.9[政治法律—法学]