明代华商出海贸易的厉禁与弛禁  

The Strict and Relaxed Prohibitions of Chinese Merchants’Overseas Trade in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：吕铁贞[1] Lv Tiezhen

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学法学院ESG法律与政策研究中心,上海200433

出　　处：《中州学刊》2023年第5期146-154,共9页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“‘逆全球化’风潮下国际贸易法治的困境、出路及中国的选择研究”(18BFX207);上海财经大学富国ESG研究院项目。

摘　　要：明代华商出海贸易的规制置于海禁的基本框架下,具有明显的时代特色。厉行海禁时,华商出海贸易被严禁;海禁松弛时,华商可以有条件地出海贸易。明代中后期随着中外环境的变迁,在不同利益主体的长期博弈下,最终促成“隆庆开海”,与之相适应出现了详细的规制。效率更高的制度对效率偏低制度的替代、转换的过程是制度变迁的实质,只是不同的制度何时变迁、如何变迁受诸多变量的推动与影响。明代华商出海贸易法制的变迁在一定程度上体现了明帝国的自我修复能力,授权地方政府因势利导私人海外贸易,缓解了内外危机,延续了明帝国的存在。During the Ming dynasty,the regulation of overseas trade by Chinese merchants was conducted under the basic frame⁃work of maritime prohibition,which exhibited distinct characteristics of the era.When maritime prohibition was strictly enforced,it for⁃bade overseas trade for Chinese merchants,and when lifted,it permitted overseas trade for Chinese merchants under certain conditions.In the middle and late periods of the Ming Dynasty,due to changing domestic and foreign environments and the long-term game played by various interest groups,“Long Qing Kai Hai”was eventually promoted,leading to a host of detailed regulations.Institutional change took the form of replacing low-efficiency systems with higher-efficiency ones,but when and how different systems change rests on nu⁃merous variables.Shifts in the legal system for overseas trade by Chinese merchants partly reflected the Ming Empire’s self-repairing ability.The local government was authorized to guide private overseas trade according to the situation,thereby alleviating internal and external crises and sustaining the existence of the Ming Empire.

关 键 词：华商 明代 海外贸易 法制构建 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]