肥沃耕层构建对白浆土土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响  

Effects of the construction of fertile and cultivated soil layer on soil fertility and maize yield in Albic soil

作　　者：陆欣春[1] 范欣欣 邹文秀[1] 严君[1] 陈旭[1] 韩晓增[1] 邓维娜[3] LU Xinchun;FAN Xinxin;ZOU Wenxiu;YAN Jun;CHEN Xu;HAN Xiaozeng;DENG Weina(Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Harbin 150081,China;Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China;Fujin Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Fujin 156100,Heilongjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,哈尔滨150081 [2]东北农业大学,哈尔滨150030 [3]富锦市农业技术推广中心,黑龙江富锦156100

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2023年第4期883-891,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500304,2022YFD1500105);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项A类(XDA28070100);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-04);黑龙江省黑土耕地保护协同创新推广体系项目。

摘　　要：为探究肥沃耕层构建技术对白浆土土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响,本研究在黑龙江省富锦市的白浆土上进行了3年的定位试验,试验设置常规整地方法(T15)和肥沃耕层构建方法[秸秆深混还田(T35+S)、有机肥深混施用(T35+M)、秸秆与有机肥深混还田(T35+S+M)、深翻35 cm+秸秆深混+有机肥+化肥(T35+S+M+F)]共5个处理。结果表明:1)肥沃耕层构建处理均比常规对照显著增加了玉米产量,增幅15.4%~50.9%。2)与常规对照相比,肥沃耕层构建前两年对土壤pH值影响不显著,到第3年显著提高了耕层(0~15 cm)土壤pH值;T35+S+M+F、T35+S+M、T35+M处理显著提高了亚耕层(15~35 cm土层)土壤pH值,T35+S处理对亚耕层土壤pH值影响不显著。3)肥沃耕层构建处理(T35+S+M+F、T35+S+M、T35+M、T35+S)可提高耕层和亚耕层土壤养分含量,其中亚耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高了3.2%~46.6%、9.1%~51.8%、17.5%~130.1%、4.4%~62.8%、22.2%~68.7%,导致亚耕层肥力丰富度指数增加,其养分含量趋近于耕层水平,构建了35 cm肥沃耕层。4)肥沃耕层构建处理第2、3年0~35 cm土壤有机质含量分别增加了8.8%~23.2%、13.2%~30.1%;土壤有机碳储量逐步增加。5)T35+S处理碳转化率为9.3%~20.9%,T35+M、T35+S+M和T35+S+M+F处理碳转化率为10.6%~24.6%;肥沃耕层构建处理土壤固碳速率为815.7~3066.4 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),T35+S处理固碳速率随着时间推移逐渐增加,其他3个处理第二年达到碳饱和。采用玉米秸秆或者玉米秸秆配合有机肥深混的肥沃耕层构建方式能够同步培肥白浆土耕层和亚耕层土壤,提高玉米产量,从经济效益考虑,实际生产中可采用秸秆、有机肥和化肥深混一次性还田方式结合保护性耕作培肥白浆土。We examined the effects of fertile soil layer construction technology on soil fertility and maize yield with a 3-year field experiment in Albic soil in Fujin,Heilongjiang Province.There were five treatments,including conventional tillage(T15,without organic matter return)and fertile soil layer construction methods[deep tillage(0-35 cm)with straw return,T35+S;deep tillage with organic manure,T35+M;deep tillage with straw and organic manure return,T35+S+M;deep tillage with straw,organic manure return and chemical fertilizer,T35+S+M+F].The results showed that:1)compared with the T15 treatment,maize yield was significantly increased by 15.4%-50.9%under fertile layer construction treatments.2)There was no significant difference of soil pH among all treatments in the first two years,but fertile soil layer construction treatments significantly increased soil pH of topsoil(0-15 cm soil layer)in the third year.The pH of subsoil(15-35 cm soil layer)significantly increased under T35+S+M+F,T35+S+M,and T35+M treatments,while no significant difference was observed for T35+S treatment,compared with T15 treatment.3)The fertile soil layer construction treatments could improve the nutrient contents of the topsoil and subsoil layer,especially in the subsoil layer,with the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium being increased by 3.2%-46.6%,9.1%-51.8%,17.5%-130.1%,4.4%-62.8%,22.2%-68.7%under the subsoil layer,respectively.The fertility richness indices were increased in the subsoil layer,and nutrient contents of the subsoil layer were close to those of topsoil layer,indicating that 0-35 cm fertile soil layer had been constructed.4)Soil organic matter contents in the 0-35 cm layer were increased by 8.8%-23.2%and 13.2%-30.1%in the second and third years of fertile soil layer construction,respectively.Soil organic carbon storage was also gradually increased under fertile soil layer construction treatments.5)The carbon conversion rate of organic matter was 9.3%-2

关 键 词：白浆土 秸秆深混还田 有机肥还田 土壤肥力 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S158