一年一作玉米产量性状和籽粒灌浆特性对播期的响应及其与气象因子的关系  

Responses of yield traits and grain filling characteristics of maize to sowing dates and their relationships with meteorological factors

作　　者：曹彩云[1] 党红凯[1] 李佳[2] 刘学彤 马俊永[1] 李科江[1] 郑春莲[1] CAO Caiyun;DANG Hongkai;LI Jia;LIU Xuetong;MA Junyong;LI Kejiang;ZHENG Chunlian(Dryland Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Drought-Resistance Research of Hebei Province/Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Hengshui Fluvo-aquic Soil Ecology Environment,Ministry of Agriculture,Hengshui 053000,China;Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050031,China)

机构地区：[1]河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所/河北省作物抗旱研究重点实验室/农业部衡水潮土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站,衡水053000 [2]河北省农林科学院,石家庄050031

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2023年第5期710-724,共15页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：河北省农林科学院科技创新专项课题(2022KJCXZX-HZS-8);河北省重点研发计划项目(21327003D);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300904,2018YFD0300505)资助。

摘　　要：本文通过研究限水灌溉条件下,播期对一作玉米产量、产量性状和籽粒灌浆特性的影响及阶段气象因子与产量、产量性状及灌浆参数的相关关系,探讨播期对一年一作玉米产量的影响机制,为低平原区玉米高产高效生产提供数据支撑。试验采用‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’两个玉米品种,设置5个播期:5月5日(SD_(1))、5月20日(SD_(2))、6月5日(SD_(3))、6月20日(SD_(4))和6月30日(SD_(5))。结果表明:1)播期对产量影响显著,且受品种和年型综合影响。随播期的延后,产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,两年平均以SD_(1)产量最低,SD_(4)产量最高,SD_(3)和SD_(4)间产量差异不显著。SD_(4)产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重较高。2)通径分析表明,产量要素对产量的贡献相互影响,其中对产量直接作用最大的是百粒重。3)采用Logistic模型研究粒重变化特征(R^(2)>0.98,P<0.01),粒重的大小由平均灌浆速率(V)和灌浆持续期(D)的乘积决定,其中D对粒重的直接贡献最大。4)从气象因子对产量和百粒重的影响来看,播种到吐丝的日平均气温(T_(Avsf))越高,吐丝到成熟的日均温差(TR_(Avfm))越大,产量越高;吐丝后10 d≥35℃的天数(D_(1)fa)越多,吐丝到成熟的日均气温(T_(Avfm))越高,产量和百粒重越低;其中T_(Avfm)对产量和百粒重的直接贡献最大,且各气象因子对产量和百粒重的作用相互影响。SD_(1)粒重较低的主要原因是T_(Avfm)高、TR_(Avfm)小,且D1_(fa)高,D较短。SD_(3)和SD_(4)粒重较高的主要原因是TRAvsf较大,V、D较高。SD_(5)虽然TR_(Avfm)较大,但因T_(Avfm)较低,总体D缩短,最终粒重降低。5)从品种来看,‘先玉335’较‘郑单958’产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重高,且‘先玉335’的V和V×D分别较‘郑单958’高0.19 mg∙grain^(−1)∙d^(−1)和0.73 mg∙grain^(−1)∙d^(−1)。这说明选用产量潜力大、灌浆速率高的品种,在6月上旬到6月中下旬播种可优This study discussed the influence of sowing dates on maize yield.Under the condition of limited water irrigation,the effects of different sowing dates on yield,yield traits,and grain-filling characteristics of maize of one crop cultivation per year,and the correlation of meteorological factors with yield,yield traits,and grain-filling parameters of maize were studied to provide data-based support for high yield and high-efficiency production in low-plain areas.‘Xianyu 335’and‘Zhengdan 958’were used in the experiment.Five sowing dates were set:May 5(SD_(1)),May 20(SD_(2)),June 5(SD_(3)),June 20(SD_(4)),and June 30(SD_(5)).The results showed that:1)the sowing date had a significant effect on maize yield,which was affected by variety and climate.The grain yield increased initially,followed by a subsequent decrease with the extension of sowing dates.The two-year average yield of SD_(1) was the lowest,and that of SD_(4) was the highest.The difference in yield between SD_(3) and SD_(4) was not significant.The high yield of SD_(4) was mainly due to the high grain number per spike and the 100-grain weight.2)Path analysis showed that the contribution of yield factors to yield affected each other,and the most direct effect on yield was 100-grain weight.3)For the variation characteristics of grain weight described by the Logistic model,the determination coefficient,R2,was above 0.98,and the difference was significant at P<0.01.The grain weight was determined by the average grain-filling rate(V)and grain-filling duration(D),and D had the largest direct contribution to the grain weight.4)From the effect of meteorological factors on yield and yield components,the higher the daily average temperature from sowing to silking and the larger the daily temperature difference(TR_(Avfm))from silking to maturity,the higher the yield.The more days that had temperatures≥35℃(D1_(fa))after 10 days of silking,the higher the daily average temperature(T_(Avfm))from silking to maturity,and the lower the yield and 100-grain weight.

关 键 词：低平原区 玉米单作 一年一作 高产高效 产量性状 灌浆特征 播期 气象因子 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]