新型酸化方式对农业废弃物堆肥氮转化的影响  

Effects of new acidification methods on nitrogen conversion during agricultural waste composting

作　　者：张陆 王宏戈 王惟帅 王选[1,3] 郭伟婷[4] 刘双 王红 马林 ZHANG Lu;WANG Hongge;WANG Weishuai;WANG Xuan;GUO Weiting;LIU Shuang;WANG Hong;MA Lin(Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050022,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Xiong’an Innovation Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xiong’an 071700,China;Shijiazhuang Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station,Shijiazhuang 050030,China;Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station,Shijiazhuang 050030,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室,石家庄050022 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]中国科学院雄安创新研究院,雄安071700 [4]石家庄市畜牧技术推广站,石家庄050030 [5]河北省畜牧总站,石家庄050030

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2023年第5期796-806,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：河北省重点研发计划项目(20373806D);中国科学院科技服务网络计划项目(KFJ-STS-QYZD-160);中国科学院青年创新促进会(2021095);河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目(HBCT2018120206);河北省现代农业产业技术体系蛋肉鸡产业创新团队项目(HBCT2018150209)资助。

摘　　要：酸化是减少堆肥过程中氮素损失的有效手段,而传统无机酸酸化具有成本高、二次污染严重等缺点,探究新型酸化工艺对减少堆肥过程中的养分流失和环境污染具有重要意义。本研究以食品残渣(果渣、豆渣)为基质,通过乳酸菌厌氧发酵制备了一种富含乳酸(70 mmol·L^(-1))和乳酸菌(×10^(6)cfu·mL^(-1))的酸性调理剂,用于农业废弃物(猪粪、小麦秸秆)酸化堆肥试验,设置两种新型酸化方式处理:添加30%酸性调理剂处理(MA)和添加3%酸性调理剂的厌氧自酸化处理(LA),同时以不加酸处理(CK)、添加硫酸处理(SA)作为对照。通过分析堆肥过程中理化性质和氮素形态等变化发现,3种酸化方式的堆肥产品均达到腐熟标准(发芽指数>80),其中MA处理的腐熟程度最优(发芽指数=117.8%);MA、SA和LA处理的总氮损失较CK分别显著降低14.0%、25.6%和22.2%(P<0.05),其中NH_(3)挥发量较CK分别显著减少26.0%、36.5%和54.9%(P<0.05);酸化处理提高了NH_(4)^(+)含量,促进了硝化过程,又间接增强了反硝化过程,MA和LA处理显著减少23.1%和69.4%的N_(2)O排放(P<0.05),而SA处理抑制了N_(2)O的还原,增加18.3%的N_(2)O排放;同时MA、SA和LA处理总环境代价相较于CK分别显著降低34.5%、11.0%和55.9%(P<0.05),且MA和LA每减少1 kg活性氮排放分别需要18.4元和0.9元,远低于SA处理(91.3元)。综上所述,MA、LA处理可作为降低堆肥过程中氮损失的可行方法,本研究为堆肥酸化保氮技术提供了理论依据。Aerobic composting is a common method for treating agricultural waste.However,a large amount of nitrogen is lost during composting,which is an important problem in agricultural waste composting.Material acidification is an effective method to reduce nitrogen loss during composting,while conventional acidification using inorganic acids has disadvantages such as high cost and secondary pollution.Optimizing the acidification process is of great significance for reducing nutrient loss and environmental pollution during composting.In this study,an acid conditioner was prepared by anaerobic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria with food residues(apple pomace and soybean dregs)as substrates,which were rich in lactic acid(70 mmol·L^(−1))and lactic acid bacteria(106 cfu·mL^(−1)).Two acidizing methods were designed using the acid conditioner:1)A certain amount of acid conditioner(30%,w/w)was added directly to acidify the material(MA);2)a small amount of acid conditioner(3%,w/w)was added with no forced ventilation for the first 3 days of composting to enable the lactic acid bacteria under the acidic conditioners to produce lactic acid achieving self-acidification of compost materials(LA).Meanwhile,we set up two experimental treatments consisting of adding sulfuric acid(SA)and no acidification(CK).Changes in physicochemical properties(temperature,pH,electrical conductivity,germination index of Oenanthe javanica treated with different composts,contents of organic matter and total nitrogen)and treansformation of nitrogen forms(emissions of NH_(3) and N_(2)O;contents of organic nitrogen,NH_(4)^(+)N,NO_(2)^(−)-N,and NO_(3)^(−)-N)during the composting of agricultural waste were analyzed.The results showed that the compost products treated by the three acidification methods all reached the maturity standard(germination index>80%),and the MA treatment was the best(germination index=117.8%).The duration of the thermophilic phases(>50℃)of CK,MA,SA,and LA were 10,10,9,and 7 days,respectively,all of which reached the harmle

关 键 词：堆肥 农业废弃物 氮素转化 氮素损失 酸化 

分 类 号：X712[环境科学与工程—环境工程]