资金困境与晚清(1896—1901)书院改革成效——以令德堂、莲池、求是三书院为中心的考察  

The Predicament of Funds and the Effectiveness of the Academy Reform in the Late Qing(1896—1901)——A Study of Lingdetang,Lianchi and Qiushi Academy

作　　者：宗尧[1] 邓洪波[1] ZONG Yao;DENG Hongbo(Yuelu Academy,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China)

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,湖南长沙410082

出　　处：《南昌师范学院学报》2023年第2期116-122,128,共8页Journal of Nanchang Normal University

基　　金：江西省哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目“清代省会书院经费制度研究”(21SKJD13)。

摘　　要：以往学界在探究晚清时期书院改制为学堂的原因时,多从书院外部因素着眼,对其内部因素的考察,仅仅集中在书院教学陈旧,难以适应社会发展方面,对书院变通自身章程以兼容西学的改革历程关注不多。甲午战后,败于日本的创痛使国人掀起了变通书院章程以兼容西学的热潮,具体方式有在旧书院中添设西学课程、附设学堂和新建书院兼容中西实学三种。虽然书院改革者对改革过程中的师资聘请、生徒待遇、设施配置等均有着正确的认识,但在经费的制约下,能够保证改革成效的规划却大多难以付诸实施,改革也最终失败。而书院改革在长达六年时间里的难见成效,则成为庚子国难后,清廷在急于革新自强时,决心废书院以兴学堂的现实判断依据。During the late Qing Dynasty,previous research on the transformation of the academy into the school focused primarily on external factors,overlooking the internal factors that necessitated reform.This included obsolete teaching methods and the academy s inability to adapt to social development.Consequently,it is crucial to explore how the academy regulated itself in response to the incorporation of Western knowledge.After China’s defeat by Japan in 1894,a reform movement emerged to introduce Western learning to the academy,using three methods,such as incorporating Chinese and Western practical learning,building new academies,and attaching schools to existing academies.Despite reformers recognizing the need for adjustments in teacher recruitment,student remuneration,and facility allocation,a lack of financial resources hampered the implementation of most programs and resulted in the failure of the reform.Eventually,the Qing government s drive to innovate and strengthen itself failed in a six-year attempt to reform the academy,resulting in its replacement by a modern school institution.Thus,examining the reform process enhances our understanding of the academy’s transformation into schools and the reasons underlying the dismantling of the academy system.

关 键 词：经费 书院改革 修金 膏奖 

分 类 号：G649.299[文化科学—高等教育学]