明清北京天坛外坛9条祭祀道路及两傍种植考证  

Research on the Nine Sacrificial Roads and Avenue Tree Planting Along Such Roads in the Outer Altar of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing During Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：吴晶巍 邬东璠[2] WU Jingwei;WU Dongfan(heritage office in the Temple of Heaven;School of Architecture,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]北京市天坛公园管理处遗产办公室 [2]清华大学建筑学院

出　　处：《风景园林》2023年第5期124-130,共7页Landscape Architecture

摘　　要：【目的】恢复天坛外坛祭祀道路和两傍种植有助于推进天坛1998年申遗承诺的实现,进而真实、完整地展示和阐释天坛及北京中轴线突出普遍价值(outstanding universal value,OUV),助力中轴线申遗工作。【方法】叠合比对不同时期、不同类别天坛图档,结合文献和现状遗存的佐证,对明清天坛外坛祭祀道路空间位置及演变历程、祭祀道路及两傍种植的尺度进行考证,并基于明清营造尺“步”进一步校正。【结果】明清天坛外坛祭祀道路共有9条,基本形成于明代,祭祀道路两傍种植呈“仪树”栽植,最早植于明代,祭祀道路和两傍种植尺度均以明清营造尺“步”进行测量定位。【结论】天坛外坛祭祀道路和两傍种植共同构成了祭祀路线的礼制空间。考证结果可指导天坛外坛被占用地考古勘探方案的制定及后续天坛外坛祭祀道路格局与两傍种植的恢复,同时对于提升北京中轴线南段空间整体品质、恢复先农坛祭祀道路格局也有一定参考价值。[Objective]The Temple of Heaven is one of Beijing's seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites,and is also one of the heritage sites involved in the world heritage nomination of Beijing Central Axis.The sacrificial roads play a skeletal role in the historical pattern of both the Temple of Heaven and Beijing Central Axis,and have significant impacts on tree species along the roads and planting methods thereof.At present,the outer altar of the Temple of Heaven(hereinafter referred to as the“Outer Altar”)is largely occupied.The restoration of sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar and the avenue tree planting will promote the realization of the commitment to the world heritage nomination of the Temple of Heaven in1998.The restoration will make it possible to present and interpret the outstanding universal value(OUV)of the Temple of Heaven and Beijing Central Axis in an authentic and integrated way,and facilitate the inscription of Beijing Central Axis.[Methods]The research is based on the historical documents,drawings and archives about the Temple of Heaven and relevant heritage remains.By comparing different categories of drawings and archives in different periods and corroborating the historical documents and existing heritage remains,the research confirms the spatial location of the sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar in Ming and Qing dynasties,the evolution of these roads,and the scale of avenue tree planting,with the research scale being further corrected based on“step”(pronounced as“bu”in Chinese),a construction measurement unit prevailing in Ming and Qing dynasties.[Results]There are 9 sacrificial roads in the Outer Altar in Ming and Qing dynasties.The roads are respectively referred to as(1)to(7),(10)and(11)in this research,which are all parallel or perpendicular to the altar wall.There are4 roads,(2),(3),(6)and(11),in the north-south direction,and 5 roads in the eastwest direction,namely(1),(4),(5),(7)and(10).The roads were formed mainly in Ming Dynasty.The emperors in Ming and Qing dynasties used road(1)

关 键 词：遗产保护 历史景观 北京中轴线 天坛外坛 祭祀道路 植物景观 

分 类 号：TU986.2[建筑科学—城市规划与设计] K061[历史地理—历史学]