马克思资本循环理论下市场经济运行的基本图景  

The Operation of Market Economy under Marx's Capital Circulation Theory

作　　者：龚刚[1] 蔡昱[1] Gong Gang;Cai Yu(Institute of Finance,Yunnan University of Finance and Economics.)

机构地区：[1]云南财经大学金融研究院

出　　处：《政治经济学评论》2023年第2期148-173,共26页China Review of Political Economy

摘　　要：资本的流通过程和生产过程构成了资本的循环过程,其中,资本的流通过程实际上就是市场的交易过程。西方经济学中的交易模式是阿罗—德布鲁的“均衡拍卖”,“均衡拍卖”为西方经济学中的均衡分析方法和一般均衡理论提供了微观基础。然而,“均衡拍卖”在现实中并不存在,现实中的拍卖是瓦尔拉斯的“竞价拍卖”。但“竞价拍卖”又因其稀缺性之特点,一般只适用于纯交易经济,从而并不进入马克思的资本循环过程。马克思资本循环下的市场交易可以用“明码标价”来进行描述。“明码标价”不仅意味着厂商定价,更意味着厂商是按“明码标价”下所获得的市场的需求信息来安排生产,如购买劳动力和原材料,并组织生产活动等。在“明码标价”下,单个资本的循环以“卖”为起点,并且以所实现的“卖”为核心而开展其经济活动。与此同时,在“明码标价”下,社会总资本的流通和循环也将面临“需求的源头之问”。所有这一切均意味着市场经济是需求决定型经济,而只买不卖的投资者则是需求的源头。总之,“明码标价”交易模式为马克思的资本循环理论和凯恩斯的有效需求理论提供了微观基础。The trade process and production process constitute the circulation process of capital,in which the trade process of capital reflects actually the economic transaction in market.The transaction model in mainstream economics is Arrow-Debreu's"equilibrium auction",which provides a micro-foundation for the equilibrium analysis and general equilibrium theory.However,"equilibrium auction"does not exist in reality.In reality,the auction is"competitive auction"of Walras.However,because of its scarcity,the"competitive auction"is generally only applicable to the pure trading economy,and thus does not enter Marx's circulation process of capital.The market transactions under Marx's circulation process of capital can be described by"clearly marked prices"."Clearly marked price"means that the producer not only sets up the price,but also produces the output according to the information of market demand obtained under"clearly marked price",including purchasing labor and raw materials,and organizing production activities.Under the"clearly marked price",the circulation of a single capital starts with"selling"and carries out its economic activities according to the realized"selling".At the same time,under the"clearly marked price",the trade and circulation of total social capital will also face the"question of demand origin".All this means that the market economy is a demand-determined economy,and investors who only buy but not sell are the origin of demand.In a word,the trading mode of"clearly marked price"provides a micro-foundation for Marx's theory of capital circulation and Keynes'theory of effective demand.

关 键 词：明码标价 资本循环 拍卖 需求的源头之问 

分 类 号：F091.91[经济管理—政治经济学] F014