同盟会成立前留日学界革命团体的衍变  

The Evolution of Revolutionary Groups in the Academic Circles Studying in Japan Before the Establishment of the United League of China

作　　者：尚小明[1] Shang Xiaoming

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史系,北京100871

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2023年第3期88-100,I0002,I0003,共15页Social Sciences in Guangdong

摘　　要：中国同盟会成立前,留日学界曾先后出现励志会、青年会、拒俄义勇队、军国民教育会等几个有着明确衍变关系的团体。最早创立的励志会,其成员尚有稳健与激烈之分,但同时呈现“革命化”趋势。章太炎等发起“支那亡国二百四十二周年纪念会”后,励志会中激烈派另创纯粹革命团体青年会,提出“以民族主义为宗旨,以破坏主义为目的”,然其规模不大,且缺乏实际行动,影响有限。随着越来越多留日学生倾向革命,青年会乘机利用拒俄运动公开扩充组织,先组建拒俄义勇队,旋改名学生军,接着改名军国民教育会,表面以“拒俄”为宗旨,实则暗含反满目的。拒俄诉求受挫后,军国民教育会旗帜鲜明改其宗旨为“养成尚武精神,实行民族主义”,确定了“鼓吹、暗杀、起义”三种实行办法,派人回国秘密发动革命,从而直接促成华兴会、光复会创立,并最终成立中国同盟会。Before the establishment of the United League of China,there were several groups with clear evolu⁃tion relations in the academic circles studying in Japan,such as Motivational Society,Youth Society,Anti⁃Russian Volunteer Corps and Military National Education Association.The earliest established Motiva⁃tional Society had a tendency to become“revolutionary”while its members were still divided between moderate and radical.After Zhang Taiyan et al.initiated the“Commemorative Meeting of the 242nd Anni⁃versary of China’s National Subjugation,”the radical faction in the Motivational Society created a purely revolutionary group,the Youth Society,proposing“nationalism as the principle and destructionism as the purpose,”but its influence was limited because of its small scale and lack of practical actions.As more and more students studying in Japan tended to be revolutionary,the Youth Society took the opportunity to use the anti⁃Russian movement to openly expand its organization.First,it formed the Anti⁃Russian Volun⁃teer Corps,not long after changed its name to the Student Army,and then to the Military National Educa⁃tion Association,ostensibly for the purpose of“resisting Russia,”but in fact with an implicit anti⁃Manchu aim.After the frustration of the demand to resist Russia,the Military National Education Association changed its aim to“cultivating the martial spirit and practicing nationalism,”determined three methods of implementation:“advocacy,assassination and uprising,”and sent people back to China to secretly launch revolution,which directly led to the establishment of the Society for the Revival of China and the Restoration Society,and finally established the United League of China.

关 键 词：留日学生 励志会 青年会 拒俄义勇队 军国民教育会 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学]