刑法教义学中的形式理性  

Formal Rationality in Criminal Law Doctrines

作　　者：陈兴良[1] Chen Xingliang

机构地区：[1]北京大学

出　　处：《中外法学》2023年第2期285-306,共22页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：形式理性是与实质理性相对应的两种思维方法,基于罪刑法定原则,在刑法解释中,应当严格坚守以形式理性为基础的形式思维。根据形式解释论,在刑法解释的时候,应当以可能语义作为最宽的解释边界,并且禁止类推。形式解释论是以刑法文本为解释对象,将法律含义限制在法律文本的语义范围之内。法律适用由于涉及对案件事实的认定,它不同于刑法解释,所以可以采用实质判断的方法,透过现象看本质,获得对事实真相的认知。当然,即使是在案件事实的认定中,实质判断还是受到一定的限制。例如当某一行为在前置法中是合法的情况下,就不能通过实质判断予以入罪。因此,对刑法解释与刑法适用应当加以区隔。对刑法解释要坚持形式解释论的立场,对刑法适用则可以采用实质判断的方法。只有这样,才能较好地解决刑法教义学中的形式理性与实质理性的关系。Formal rationality is an analytical method as opposed to substantive rationality.The principle of legality requires the adherence to formal reasoning based on formal rationality in the interpretation of the criminal law.According to the theory of formal interpretation,when interpreting the criminal law,the possible meanings of the legal texts should be used as the broadest boundary of interpretation,and analogy should be prohibited.Formal interpretation theory is based on criminal law texts as the object of interpretation,limiting the meaning of law to the semantic scope of legal texts.Since the application of law involves the determination of the facts of the case,it is different from the interpretation of the criminal law,so the method of substantive judgment can be adopted to see the essence through the phenomenon and obtain the understanding of the truth.Of course,even in the determination of the facts of the case,the substantive judgment is still subject to certain restrictions.For example,when an act is lawful in the antecedent,it cannot be criminalized by substantive judgment.Therefore,a distinction should be made between the interpretation of criminal law and the application of criminal law.The interpretation of criminal law should adhere to the position of formal interpretation,and the method of substantive judgment can be adopted for the application of criminal law.Only in this way can we better solve the relationship between formal reasoning and substantive reasoning in criminal law doctrines.

关 键 词：罪刑法定 刑法解释 形式思维 刑法适用 实质思维 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]