对外援助中国际信誉生成的交换与归因逻辑  

The Exchange and Attribution Logic of International Credibility Generation in Foreign Aid

作　　者：赵磊[1] 张晓旭 ZHAO Lei;ZHANG Xiao-xu

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)国际战略研究院 [2]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)研究生院,北京100091

出　　处：《东北亚论坛》2023年第3期3-20,127,共19页Northeast Asia Forum

基　　金：中共中央党校(国家行政学院)创新工程项目“‘一带一路’与海外利益维护”。

摘　　要：当今国际社会动荡不安,国家间相互不信任感随之上升,构建一国国际信誉成为国际合作的重点与难点。作为经济外交的一部分,对外援助是一国国际信誉生成的重要方式。本文建立一个由交换结构、归因机制、兑现承诺构成的理论框架以解释对外援助中国际信誉的生成逻辑。交换结构分为议价交换结构和互惠交换结构。援助国在不同交换结构中通过兑现承诺生成不同类型的国际信誉。议价交换结构下,受援国对援助国援助行为进行情境归因,偏向于对援助双方交易性关系的感知,此时,援助国兑现援助承诺生成商品型国际信誉。互惠交换结构下,受援国对援助国援助行为进行属性归因,偏向于对援助双方社会性关系的感知,此时,援助国兑现援助承诺生成认同型国际信誉。国际信誉水平的高低则取决于援助双方的交换结构。通过20世纪70年代至今中国和欧盟对非洲援助的案例分析,验证了这一理论框架。从中可以获得启示,对外援助中要树立正确义利观,坚持互惠交换结构,建立高水平国际信誉。Nowadays,the international society is in unrest,with mutual distrust among states increasing.Therefore,the construction of international credibility has become a state's priority and a challenge in its international cooperation.As a form of economic diplomacy,foreign aid is an effective way to establish such credibility.In this research,a theoretical framework is constructed to explain how international credibility is generated in foreign aid.The framework is composed of an exchange structure,an attribution mechanism and commitment fulfillment.The exchange structure can be sub-divided into a negotiated exchange structure and a reciprocal exchange structure.A donor state can obtain different types of international credibility by honoring its commitments in different exchange structures.In the negotiated exchange structure,a recipient state tends to attribute the donor state's aid behavior to situational factors and perceives the relationship between them as a transactional one.As a result,the donor state acquires commodity-style credibility.In a reciprocal exchange structure,a recipient state tends to attribute the donor state's aid to dispositions and regards their relationship as a social one.In this case,the donor state gains identity-style credibility.The level of international credibility depends on which exchange structure is chosen.This article provides empirical proof for this theoretical framework by analyzing the cases of Chinese and the European Union's aids to Africa since the 1970s.It could be found that we should uphold justice while pursuing interests in our foreign aid and make efforts to establish a reciprocal exchange structure,so as to gain and maintain a high level of international credibility.

关 键 词：对外援助 国际信誉 交换结构 归因机制 兑现承诺 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]