论非国际性武装冲突中的海上封锁“规则”  

The Rules of Maritime Blockade in Non-International Armed Conflicts

作　　者：曹群 Cao Qun

机构地区：[1]中国国际问题研究院美国研究所,北京100005

出　　处：《亚太安全与海洋研究》2023年第3期54-71,I0003,共19页Asia-Pacific Security and Maritime Affairs

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“外国防空识别区现行规则研究”(编号:21FGJB015)。

摘　　要：现代意义的海上封锁是一种经数百年演变而来的制度,其相关国家实践肇始于大航海时代,并随着军事科技及应用的不断发展逐渐形成目前认知的“国际规则”。关于海上封锁,尚不存在“公约”之类条约法,其仍主要由习惯国际法调整。从实践历史来看,国际性武装冲突中的海上封锁案例占绝大多数,而涉及非国际性武装冲突的海上封锁案例较少,且自二战结束迄今更少有广为认可的具有实效性的“合法”先例。在非国际性武装冲突中,适用“海上封锁法”的首要关键是解决交战团体的承认问题,亦当遵守适用于国际性武装冲突的相关封锁“规则”,尤其是“日内瓦四公约”所确立的国际人道法原则。《联合国海洋法公约》及《国际民用航空公约》皆系“平时法”,在“战时”对于交战各方而言将被海上武装冲突法取代,“封锁区”及周边相关海、空域的“航行和飞越自由”与民航空管安排亦难免受到影响。The maritime blockade in the modern sense is a system that has evolved over centuries.The practice of blockade has begun in the Age of Exploration,and its current“international rules”have gradually evolved with the continuous development of military technology and its application.There is no convention-like treaty law on blockade which is still mainly regulated by customary international law.Judging by the history of the practice,blockades in International Armed Conflicts(IACs)account for the vast majority,and there are fewer cases of blockades involving Non-International Armed Conflicts(NIACs).Since the end of Second World War,there have been few“legal”blockades that are generally recognized as effective.With respect to blockades in NIACs,the key to applying blockade law is recognition of the belligerents,and the relevant“rules”governing blockades in IACs should also be followed,particularly the principles of international humanitarian law established in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation are peacetime laws that would be displaced by the law of armed conflicts at sea in time of war for belligerents,while“freedom of navigation and overflight”and civil air traffic management would also be affected in the“blockaded area”and surrounding waters/airspace.

关 键 词：海上封锁 非国际性武装冲突 圣雷莫手册 奥本海国际法 日内瓦四公约 联合国海洋法公约 国际民用航空公约 

分 类 号：D820[政治法律—政治学]