不同播种方式微地形差异对坡耕地水土流失的影响  

Effects of Microtopography Difference of Different Sowing Patterns on Soil and Water Loss in Sloping Farmland

作　　者：朱上卿 赵桂茹[1] 安曈昕[1] 李海 郭锦涛 格茸吾姆 吴伯志[1] ZHU Shangqing;ZHAO Guiru;AN Tongxin;LI Hai;GUO Jintao;GERONG Wumu;WU Bozhi(Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,昆明650201

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2023年第3期43-51,共9页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：云南省重点研发项目(2018BB015);云南省重大科技专项—绿色食品国际合作研究中心项目(2019ZG00902)。

摘　　要：为减少坡耕地作物播种至出苗期间的水土流失,通过模拟降雨试验研究不同播种方式形成微地形对水土流失的影响,共设置6个处理,T1处理为深开沟播种(沟深20 cm),T2处理为浅开沟播种(沟深10 cm),T3处理为塘播,T4处理为起高垄播种(垄高20 cm,宽30 cm),T5处理为起低垄播种(垄高10 cm,宽15 cm),T6处理为无处理直接播种(空白对照),各处理分别以10°,15°,20°坡度在40,80,120 mm/h雨强下进行27场模拟降雨试验。结果表明:开沟和起垄播种处理都能有效减轻水土流失,各处理的水土保持效果为T1>T4>T2>T5,T3和T6间差异不显著,T1的水土保持效果最好,在各坡度和雨强下,较T6地表径流产生时间延缓65.9%~178.1%,入渗强度增大102.6%~195.1%,地表径流量减少75.6%~82.6%,土壤侵蚀量减少95.3%~99.1%。深开沟播种T1和起高垄播种T4能够很好地将雨水积留在沟或垄沟中,并且能有效防止沟中积水破垄或越沟流出,其中T1防止沟中积水越沟流出效果最好,仅在极少情况下发生。通过研究不同播种方式形成的微地形对水土流失的影响,对于坡耕地作物生长前期水土保持具有参考意义。In order to reduce soil erosion during the period from sowing to emergence of crops in sloping farmland,the effects of microtopography formed by different sowing patterns on soil and water erosion were studied by simulating rainfall.A total of six treatments were set up,among which T1 treatment was deep ditching sowing(20 cm deep),T2 treatment was shallow ditching sowing(10 cm deep),T3 treatment was pond sowing,T4 treatment was high ridge sowing(20 cm high,30 cm wide),T5 treatment was low ridge sowing(10 cm high,15 cm wide)and T6 treatment was flat sowing(blank control).27 simulated rainfall experiments were carried out under 40 mm/h,80 mm/h and 120 mm/h rainfall intensities on 10°,15°and 20°slopes for each treatment.The results showed that both ditching and ridging sowing treatments could effectively reduce soil and water erosion.The soil and water conservation effects of each treatment followed the order of T1>T4>T2>T5,and there was no significant difference between T3 and T6.Among them,the soil and water conservation effect of T1 treatment was the best.Under each slope and rainfall intensity,compared with T6 treatment,the time of surface runoff generation was delayed by 65.9%~178.1%,the infiltration rate increased by 102.6%~195.1%,the surface runoff and the soil erosion reduced by 75.6%~82.6% and 95.3%~99.1%,respectively,in T1 treatment.T1 and T4 could well retain rainwater in ditch or ridge,and could effectively prevent water from crossing ridge or flowing out of ditch.Among them,T1 treatment had the best effect in preventing water from flowing out of the ditch,which only occurred in rare cases.The study on the influence of microtopography formed by different sowing patterns on soil and water loss was of reference significance for soil and water conservation in the early stage of crop growth in sloping farmland.

关 键 词：播种方式 雨强 坡度 水土流失 微地形 

分 类 号：S157.4[农业科学—土壤学]