当代巴西刑事侦查制度的权力制衡与监督  

A Study on the Balance of Power in Brazil's Contemporary Criminal Investigation System

作　　者：刘天来 Liu Tianlai

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2023年第2期113-133,157,共22页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：司法警察是刑事侦查的主要执行者,刑事侦查是行政性质而非刑事性质的刑事诉讼诉前程序。巴西刑事侦查的启动须符合法定的四个条件之一,同时侦查权有较为宽广的裁量权。但是刑事侦查的终结须接受司法控制,由侦查机关向检察机关提请审查同意,再由检察机关向法院提出请求并得到法官的批准,侦查权受到检察权的严格制衡,而检察权又受到司法权的控制。在刑事侦查过程中,检察机关通过监督权对侦查权实行着强力的制衡,对侦查机关实施具有法律约束力的“刚性”外部监督,但须恪守严格的界限。法院则通过对涉及公民基本权利的特定事项行使监督权的方式,直接对检察权、间接对侦查权实行强力的制衡,不过法院的司法能动性在理论上遭到质疑。巴西警、检、法关系之间,检警是指导关系,法检是单方向监督与制衡关系,警法则是间接的单方向监督与制衡关系。巴西对设立保障法官已经在理论上达成共识、在立法上尝试交付表决,未来将围绕对司法权的规范发展。The Judicial Police is the main executor of the criminal investigation,which is an administrative pre-trial procedure.The initiation of criminal investigation in Brazil must meet one of four legal conditions,but the end of criminal investigation must be subject to judicial control.The investigating authority should submit a review and a request for approval to the public prosecutor,who should then submit a request to the court for approval.The investigative power is strictly controlled and balanced by the procuratorial power,which in turn is controlled by the judicial power.In the process of criminal investigation,the procuratorial power strictly controls and balances the investigative power through the power of supervision.By exercising the power of supervision over certain matters concerning citizens' fundamental rights,the court exercises a strong control over the procuratorial power directly and the investigative power indirectly.In the relationship between the investigative power,the courts and the procuratorial power in Brazil,the procuratorial power and the investigative power are in a guiding relationship,the court and the procuratorial power are in a unidirectional relationship of supervision and control,while the investigative power and the court are in an indirect unidirectional relationship of supervision and control.Brazil has reached a theoretical consensus on the establishment of“guaranteed judges”and has attempted to vote on legislation.In the future,the focus will be on how to regulate the direction of judicial power.

关 键 词：刑事侦查 权力制衡 警察机关 检察机关 法院 监督 

分 类 号：D918[政治法律—法学]