黄淮海平原灌区节水高效耕作制度构建  

Construction of water-saving and efficient farming system in irrigation area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

作　　者：刘振[1] 宁堂原[1] LIU Zhen;NING Tangyuan(Key Laboratory of Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an,Shandong,271018)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学,农业农村部作物水分生理与抗旱种质改良重点实验室,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2023年第3期31-40,共10页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：山东省农业科技资金(2019YQ014);山东省重大创新工程(2021CXGC010804)。

摘　　要：黄淮海地区是我国重要的粮食产区,平均复种指数为150%,小麦-玉米一年两熟加春播作物组成的两年三熟制为该区域的主要种植制度。受水资源限制,部分地区复种指数呈现下降趋势,严重影响了区域粮食安全。发展节水高效耕作制度成为解决区域粮食安全和生态安全的重大科技问题。介绍了山东农业大学在小麦-玉米周年节水高效耕作制度和春播作物覆盖节水耕作制度两个方面的最新进展:前者重点介绍秸秆还田与高效耕作、高杆喷灌水肥一体化、肥水耦合、测墒补灌等生物节水与农艺节水的技术创新与集成;后者重点介绍多功能生物降解地膜的研制与花生、马铃薯等覆盖节水增产技术体系。在此基础上,提出黄淮海地区耕作制度的发展方向与技术需求(采取深松与秸秆还田技术相结合、深松与高杆喷灌结合、废弃物还田、合理灌水与施用氮肥相结合、地膜覆盖技术等),以期为黄淮海平原灌区粮食安全和生态安全提供战略支撑与技术支持。The Huang-Huai-Hai plain is an important region for grain production in China.The average multiple cropping index in Huang-Huai-Hai region is 150%.The two-year triple cropping system includes two crops a year of wheat and maize plus spring sowing crops,which is the main planting system in this region.Limited by water resources,the multiple cropping index in some areas has a downward trend,which has seriously affected regional food security.Developing water-saving and efficient farming system is a major scientific and technological problem to solve regional food security and ecological security.This report focuses on two aspects,one is the water-saving and efficient farming system for wheat and maize as well as spring sowing crops.The former focuses on the technical innovation and integration of biological and agronomic water conservation,such as straw return and efficient farming,high sprinkler irrigation,water and fertilizer integration,fertilizer and water coupling,and soil moisture measurement and supplementary irrigation,etc.The latter focuses on the development of multi-functional biodegradable mulching film and the technical system of covering crops such as peanut and potato and saving water and increasing production.On this basis,this study puts forward the development direction and technical needs of the farming system in the water shortage irrigation area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain including adopting the combination of subsoiling and straw returning,subsoiling and high sprinkling irrigation,waste returning,reasonable irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application,and plastic film covering technology in order to provide strategic and technical support for food security and ecological security in the water shortage irrigation area of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

关 键 词：粮食产量 节水灌溉 耕作制度 水分利用效率 气候智慧型农业 黄淮海平原 

分 类 号：S343[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]