欧盟安全议程中的“混合威胁”问题  

The EU’s Approach to“Hybrid Threats”

作　　者：欧阳洛奇 Ouyang Luoqi

机构地区：[1]南京大学国际关系研究院,南京210023

出　　处：《国际论坛》2023年第3期93-113,158,159,共23页International Forum

摘　　要：随着欧洲地缘环境的变化,欧盟不断调整自己对威胁的认知,提出新安全观,愈益重视各种新型威胁。迄至今日,它将应对“混合威胁”作为其安全战略中的首要议程之一。在新的认知基础上,欧盟自2016年以来逐步建立起一套综合应对混合威胁的联合框架,旨在提高欧盟对各种威胁性态势的感知能力,积极加强欧盟及其成员国内部社会关键部门的韧性,有效提升它们预防和应对危机的能力,同时深化与北约在相关领域的政策协调和合作。2022年3月“战略指南针”计划出台后,欧盟以“混合工具箱”为基础,进一步提出要全面整合其政策和工具,以期完善其现有的反应机制。欧盟应对混合威胁的相关实践或将引发对其身份定位的进一步思考,推动欧洲安全格局重构,但过度泛化威胁概念也会使其对外关系愈发复杂化。中国应及时追踪欧盟安全议程中的混合威胁问题,警惕相关概念被“武器化”,进而给中欧关系带来不利影响。同时中国应以“他山之石,可以攻玉”的态度,牢固树立和认真贯彻总体国家安全观,做好应对专门针对中国的混合威胁。In response to the changing geopolitical circumstances in Europe,the European Union(EU)has constantly adjusted its threat perceptions and developed a new security concept that pays more attention to new threats.The EU now places“countering hybrid threat”on the top of its security agenda.Based on this new perception,the EU has gradually established since 2016 a unified framework to counter hybrid threats,which aims to improve the its perception of various threat situations,strengthen resilience in critical sectors in the EU and its member states,and effectively enhance their capacity to prevent and respond to crises.At the same time,the EU also seeks to deepen policy coordination and cooperation with NATO in relevant fields.After the adoption of the“Strategic Compass”in March 2022,it further proposed a comprehensive integration of its policies and instruments building on its“hybrid toolbox”,with a view to improving its response mechanisms.While this EU approach helps to restructure Europe’s security landscape as it may cause a recalibration of the EU identity,excessive securitization may increasingly complicate its external relations.China should monitor the developments regarding“hybrid threats”in the EU’s security agenda and be vigilant about the“weaponization”of related concepts,which could adversely affect China-EU relations.Furthermore,China may take a page from the EU security playbook,firmly pursue a holistic approach to national security,and be well prepared to counter hybrid threats specifically against it.

关 键 词：欧盟外交 混合威胁 混合战争 威胁认知 “混合工具箱” 中欧关系 

分 类 号：D51[政治法律—政治学]