消失在崇山峻岭:1781年川鄂湘山区啯噜及清廷的围剿  

Disappearing in the High Mountains:Guolu in the Border Areas of Sichuan,Hubei,and Hunan and the Qing Court’s Campaign against Them in 1781

作　　者：王笛[1] Wang Di(Department of History,University of Macao,Macao 999078,China)

机构地区：[1]澳门大学历史系,中国澳门999078

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第3期19-38,共20页Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：啯噜主要活动在四川与湖北、湖南、陕西、贵州的交界地区,这些地区是深山老林,非常适合啯噜的生存。国家的力量离得太远,派军队清剿也是鞭长莫及,啯噜子随时可以进退自如,消失在崇山峻岭。啯噜从乾隆初便在四川出现,在巴山老林不断聚集发展,形成了独特的地域和社会生态,其扩张也应该与乾隆后期整个社会矛盾的激化有关。以乾隆四十六年啯噜在川鄂湘三省交界处突然增长为导火索,在乾隆皇帝的亲自督促下,一场波及四川、湖北、湖南、贵州和陕西的剿灭啯噜的活动展开,不但最终导致了四川总督文绶被谕令撤职流放伊犁,许多州县官也因此丢掉了乌纱帽。关于四川的啯噜,学界已经有若干探讨。1949年之后,不少学者的研究,把哥老会的起源与啯噜联系了起来。然而,在哥老会自己的文件中,从来没有来自啯噜的任何蛛丝马迹。把啯噜和哥老会进行勉强的比附,其实在相当程度上是采用了清廷以及清官员对哥老会污名化的那些记录。这是官方话语霸权对边缘人群研究影响的一个非常突出的事例。Guolu groups were mainly active in the border areas of Sichuan,Hubei,Hunan,Shaanxi,and Guizhou,whose deep mountains and primary forests were suitable for Guolu to survive.The areas were far away from the state power and beyond the reach of troops to cut them down.Guolu could advance and retreat freely at any time and disappear in the mountains.In 1781,why did a sudden increase of Guolu take place in the border areas of the three provinces of Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan?Guolu emerged in Sichuan from the beginning of Emperor Qianlong s ruling,and continued to gather and develop in the forests,forming a unique geographical and social community.The expansion of Guolu also resulted from the intensification of social conflicts in the late Qianlong period.Taking those incidents as the trigger,under the supervision of Emperor Qianlong himself,a campaign to eradicate Guolu across Sichuan,Hubei,Hunan,Guizhou,and Shaanxi began,resulted in not only the exile of Wen Shou,Sichuan Governor,to Yili,but also the decreed dismissals of many magistrates.There have been some academic studies on the Guolu in Sichuan.After 1949,many scholars associated the origin of the Gelaohui with Guolu.However,in Gelaohui s private documents,no clue has been found to prove that it originated from Guolu.This article argues that the farfetched comparison between Huolu and Gelaohui is,to a considerable extent,an adaptation of the Qing Court s official accounts that stigmatized Gelaohui.This is a prominent example of how official discourse of hegemony on marginalized groups has influenced the studies of Guolu today.

关 键 词：啯噜 乾隆时期 川鄂湘边界 哥老会 

分 类 号：K249.3[历史地理—历史学]