美苏租借清算:冷战与一场跨世纪的国际债务纠纷——“斯大林与经济冷战”系列研究之一  

US Soviet Lease Settlement:The Cold War and a Cross Century Internation⁃al Debt Dispute—One of the series of studies on“Stalin and the Economic Cold War”

作　　者：沈志华[1,2] SHEN Zhihua

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史系,上海200241 [2]上海师范大学世界史系,上海200234

出　　处：《上海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第3期116-137,共22页Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：第二次世界大战后美苏之间的租借清算是一场跨世纪的国际债务纠纷。由于经济重建需要和美苏关系恶化,苏联从根本上就不愿意进行清算,直到战争结束后两年才勉强同意与美国开始谈判。在长达60年的交涉和谈判中,关于向七家美国公司支付石油技术专利转让费的问题,1951年底完成五家,还剩两家未结,后来结果不知;关于租借船只的归还和购买问题,到1956年大体结束了海军舰艇的归还问题,剩余数十艘船只的处理和购买不了了之;关于管道协议的执行,到1975年7月协议的截止日期,苏联扣留了大笔赔偿费用,美国不予认可;关于剩余租借物资的清算,直到苏联解体的前一年才最后达成总协议。2006年俄罗斯为改善与西方的关系,主动清偿了包括美国在内的所有国际债务。纵观历史全过程,由于冷战的发生,原本作为美苏战时同盟主要经济纽带的租借,却成为战后双方经济关系破裂的重要因素,且蜕变为直到冷战结束尚未结清的一笔国际债务。租借清算既是美苏经济交往中的一个障碍,也是双方经济冷战中的一种工具,又是观察美苏总体冷战发展的一张晴雨表。The lease settlement between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II was a cross century inter⁃national debt dispute.Due to the need for economic reconstruction and the deterioration of relations with the United States and the Soviet Union,the Soviet Union was fundamentally unwilling to carry out liquidation and reluctantly agreed to start negotiations with the United States two years after the end of the war.In 60 years of negotiations and negotiations,regarding the payment of petroleum technology patent transfer fees to seven American companies,five were completed by the end of 1951,with two remaining unresolved.The outcome is unknown;Regarding the return and purchase of leased vessels,the issue of returning naval ves⁃sels had largely ended by 1956,and the processing and purchase of the remaining dozens of vessels remained unresolved;Regarding the implementation of the pipeline agreement,by the deadline of July 1975,the Soviet Union had withheld a large amount of compensation costs,which the United States did not recognize;It was not until the year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union that a general agreement was finally reached regarding the liquidation of surplus leased goods.In 2006,Russia took the initiative to settle all international debts,including those of the United States,in order to improve relations with the West.Throughout history,due to the outbreak of the Cold War,leasing,which was originally the main economic link of the US Soviet wartime alliance,became an important factor in the rupture of economic relations between the two sides after the war,and transformed into an international debt that had not yet been settled until the end of the Cold War.Lease settlement is not only an obstacle in economic exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union,but also a tool in the economic Cold War between the two sides,and a barometer for observing the overall development of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

关 键 词：租借清算 国际债务 经济冷战 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]