凭海制陆:美国印度洋战略的起源(1963—1966)  

Control Land Based on Sea:The Origins of United States Strategy in the Indian Ocean,1963-1966

作　　者：刘欣 LIU Xin(Department of History,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系,上海200241

出　　处：《安徽史学》2023年第3期124-133,共10页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金特别委托项目“周边国家对华关系档案文献收集、整理与研究”(15@ZH009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从美国印度洋战略的起源来看,国际格局和亚太地缘形势的演变在其中发挥着深刻的作用。20世纪50年代中期,美国军方提出“战略岛屿概念”并试图循着这一思路在印度洋构建起可靠的战略支点,但美国高层未能形成共识。中印边境战争及其结果强化了美国的“中国威胁”认知,其间美国又因在印度洋缺乏可靠军事存在而在对印度提供军事援助时颇感压力。在原有的南亚政策难以为继后,为遏制社会主义国家对南亚的渗透和保障自身地缘战略地位,美国决定在印度洋建立起实质性且具威慑力的军事存在。在1963年至1966年,美国筹划并实施印度洋航母特遣队计划,于1964年4月派遣“协和中队”首次巡航印度洋;同时启动印度洋战略岛屿开发计划,于1965年、1966年相继取得关键进展。总之,1963年至1966年是美国印度洋战略的奠基时期,印度洋航母特遣队计划和印度洋战略岛屿开发计划是其核心内容,一体两面。美国自此逐步进入全面战略布局印度洋的新阶段,印度洋渐从美国全球战略的边缘移向中心。From the origins of the United States Strategy in the Indian Ocean,the evolution of the international landscape and the geopolitical situation in the Asia-Pacific plays a profound role.As early as the mid-1950s,the U.S.military proposed the“Strategic Island Concept”and tried to build a reliable strategic pivot in the Indian Ocean based on this idea,but the policy makers failed to reach a consensus on this.Due to the U.S.perception of the“Chinese threat”was reinforced by the Sino-Indian border war and its aftermath,during which time the lack of a reliable military presence in the Indian Ocean has put pressure on the U.S.to provide military assistance to India.After the policy of pushing India and Pakistan to form joint defense in the subcontinent became unsustainable,the U.S.decided to establish a substantial and deterrent military presence in the Indian Ocean to contain the infiltration of socialist countries into South Asia and safeguard its own geostrategic advantages.From 1963 to 1966,the U.S.implemented the Indian Ocean Carrier Task Force plan and Concorde squadron was dispatched to the Indian Ocean for the first time in April 1964;at the same time,the strategic island development program in the Indian Ocean was launched and key progress was made in 1965 and 1966.On the whole,the Indian Ocean Carrier Task Force plan and the Indian Ocean strategic island development program formed the foundation for U.S.strategy in the Indian Ocean.From then,the U.S.enters new phase of gradual and comprehensive strategic deployment in the Indian Ocean,as a result,the Indian Ocean has gradually moved from the periphery to the center of U.S.global strategy.

关 键 词：美国印度洋战略 印度洋航母特遣队 印度洋战略岛屿开发计划 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学]