论生物武器行为的国际罪行属性及中国管辖路径  

On the International Criminal Attribute of Biological Weaponsand the Jurisdictional Path of China

作　　者：宋阳[1] SONG Yang(School of Law,Hebei University,Baoding 071002,China)

机构地区：[1]河北大学法学院,河北保定071002

出　　处：《浙江工商大学学报》2023年第2期61-71,共11页Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目课题“国际比较视角下的生物安全法律机制研究”(20SFB2030)。

摘　　要：《禁止生物武器公约》存在因缺乏多边核查机制所导致的执行力不足的问题,但面对生物武器对人类社会生存造成的巨大威胁,国际社会又已然形成了全面禁止生物武器的根本性共识。这就从“应然法”意义上为将生物武器的相关行为归为一种“国际罪行”奠定了政策基础。而将研制生物武器的相关行为定义为国际罪行可以将制裁生物武器行为的对象从国家降低为个人,可以有效降低国际法制度的“治理成本”。第二次世界大战以后国际社会对酷刑等行为的国际罪行化以及追诉的实践经验也证明了该思路具有充足的国际法空间以及国内法可行性。为了终结现有生物武器相关行为“有罪不罚”的乱象,中国应发挥更为积极的作用,除了通过国际条约建立起对生物武器相关行为的相对普遍管辖权,还可以考虑对保护性管辖做出扩张解释,将对国际生物安全产生的严重损害或威胁理解为对中国国家利益与安全的侵犯,从而构建生物武器的国际罪行追诉制度。The Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons faces the problem of insufficient implementation due to the lack of multilateral verification mechanisms.However,in the face of the enormous threat posed by biological weapons to the survival of human society,the international community has formed a fundamental consensus on a comprehensive ban on biological weapons.This lays the policy foundation for categorizing biological weapon related behavior as an“international crime”in the sense of“due process law”.Defining the development of biological weapons as an international crime can reduce the target of sanctions on biological weapons from countries to individuals,effectively reducing the“governance costs”of the international legal system.The practical experience of international criminalization and prosecution of acts such as torture in the post-war international community has also proven that this approach has sufficient international legal space and domestic legal feasibility.In order to end the current chaos of“impunity”for biological weapon,China should play a more active role.In addition to establishing relative universal jurisdiction over biological weapon related behaviors through international treaties,China can also consider expanding the interpretation of protective jurisdiction,interpret serious damage or threats to international bio-security as violations of China's national interests and security,thus establishing an international criminal prosecution system for biological weapons.

关 键 词：生物武器 国际罪行 生物安全 有罪不罚 管辖权 

分 类 号：D997.9[政治法律—刑法学]