《资本论》反贫困理论的政治意蕴——从“物质贫困”到“权利贫困”  

Political Implications of the Anti-poverty Theory in Capital-From“Material Poverty”to“Poverty of Rights”

作　　者：程萌 Cheng Meng

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学社会学院

出　　处：《马克思主义哲学研究》2022年第2期170-178,共9页Marxist Philosophical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“马克思主义政治哲学重大基础理论问题研究”(项目编号:15ZDB002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《资本论》中超越政治经济学的重要内容,正是将贫困由物质生活资料匮乏的“社会问题”推进到资本剥削劳动的“政治问题”。一方面,以斯密等为代表的政治经济学家强调,借助于“经济人”的自利本性,劳动者、资本家和地主之间可以自发实现一种“普遍富裕”。但在马克思看来,资本的运行过程与无产阶级的贫困化是同时发生的,资本通过控制生产资料,进而支配工人不断创造剩余价值。就此而言,无产阶级的贫困是保障资本主义雇佣劳动关系的必要条件,在客观上巩固了资产阶级对无产阶级的统治。另一方面,马克思在《资本论》中所提出的消灭贫困的共产主义方案,摆脱了拉萨尔派、李嘉图派社会主义和蒲鲁东主义等修缮资本主义生产关系的局限性,呈现为“重建个人所有制”、“自由人联合体”以及“按需分配”等多重维度。The important content of Das Kapital that goes beyond political economy is to push poverty from the“social problem”of lack of material subsistence to the“political problem”of capital's exploitation of labor.Political economists represented by Smith and others emphasized,with the help of the self-interested nature of“economic man”,a kind of“universal prosperity”could be achieved spontaneously among laborers,capitalists and landlords.But in Marx's view,the operation process of capital and the impoverishment of the proletariat occur simultaneously.By controlling the means of labor,it controls the workers to continuously create surplus value.In this regard,the poverty of the proletariat is a necessary condition to ensure the stable reproduction of capitalist wage-labor relations,and can effectively consolidate the world-wide ruling order of the bourgeoisie.On the other hand,the communist plan for eradicating poverty put forward by Marx in Das Kapital got rid of the theoretical limitations of Lassalleans,Ricardian socialism and Proudhonism,which were still confined to repairing capitalist production relations.It presents multiple dimensions such as“reconstruction of individual ownership”,“combination of free people”and“distribution according to needs”.

关 键 词：《资本论》 权利贫困 资本逻辑 人类解放 

分 类 号：F091.91[经济管理—政治经济学]