中国少数民族人口的生育转变  

Fertility Transition of Ethnic Minority Population in China

作　　者：杨菊华 YANG Juhua(School of Ethnology and Sociology/Population and Ethnic Development Research Center,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院/人口与民族发展研究中心,北京100081

出　　处：《人口与经济》2023年第3期35-51,共17页Population & Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“少数民族流动人口社会融入研究”(21BRK004);中央民族大学交叉学科研究专项课题(2020MDJC01);中央民族大学自主科研项目“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”(10301-02200304)。

摘　　要：少数民族人口是中华民族人口不可分割的一部分。在控制性生育政策、经济发展与社会转型过程中,各民族人口都先后经历了生育转变。利用总和生育率和终身生育率两个指标,关照生育转变的起点、过程与结果,通过对普查数据的纵向和横向比较分析,对少数民族人口的生育转变进行系统、全面地分析,得出以下主要结论:第一,少数民族人口作为一个总体,其生育转变的起点约发生于20世纪80年代前期,略晚于全国的生育转变;尽管由于民族之间的差异性,其生育转变的完成时间约晚于全国10年,但2000年前后,少数民族人口总体上已经完成了生育转变。第二,少数民族人口的生育转变具有“超前”和“滞后”双重特征,西部民族“滞后”,东北民族“超前”。第三,少数民族人口的生育转变符合经典的生育转变理论预期,但不同民族的生育转变同样深受生育政策、文化制度的影响:现代化进程和“优生优育”、“少生优生”政策宣传的共同作用,弱化了传统的民族生育文化效应,推动了各民族的生育行为在变异中趋同、在多样中趋近。通过采取“观起点、看过程、比结果”的研究思路、清晰地界定生育转变概念,本研究弥补了既往研究多笼而统之地描述(不同)民族生育水平的局限,可更好地与国际社会生育转变研究形成对话,有助于丰富中国人口学及相关学科的知识宝库。Ethnic minority population is an integral part of the Chinese population.In the context of restrictive fertility policy,economic development and social transformation,all ethnic groups in China have experienced fertility transitions soon or later.Using total fertility rate and complete fertility rate,drawing on multiple census data,and focusing on the outset,process and result of fertility transition of minority groups in China,this paper attempts to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of fertility transition of ethnic minority population by vertically and horizontally comparing various ethnic groups.The following main conclusions can be obtained as follows.First,the outset of fertility transition of minority groups as a whole occurred in the early 1980s,which is slightly later than that of the whole country.Although due to the differences among ethnic groups,the completion time of their reproductive transformation is about 10 years later than that of the national population,the ethnic minority population on the whole has completed the reproductive transformation around 2000.Second,the fertility transformation of minority population has the dual characteristics of“advanced”and“lagged”.The western ethnic groups are“lagged”,while the northeast ethnic groups are“advanced”.Third,the fertility transformation of minority population conforms to the classical fertility transformation theory,but the fertility transformation of different ethnic groups is also deeply affected by the fertility policy and cultural system:The process of modernization as well as the restrictive fertility policy and its propaganda of“giving birth to fewer children but giving them better care and education”have weakened traditional fertility culture,facilitating fertility behavior of all ethnic groups to converge.By adopting the research idea of“looking at the outset,paying attention to the process and comparing the results,”as well as clearly defining the concept of“fertility transition”,this paper ma

关 键 词：少数民族 少数民族人口 生育转变 

分 类 号：C92-05[社会学—人口学]