中国农业转移人口社会分层研究——“士”字型结构及其制度性构因  

Research on the Social Stratification of Rural-to-urban Migrants in China:The Structure of the“Shi”Character and Its Institutional Factors

作　　者：齐明珠[1] 王亚 QI Mingzhu;WANG Ya(School of Labor Economics,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070,China)

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院,北京100070

出　　处：《人口与经济》2023年第3期117-131,共15页Population & Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“新时代农业转移人口特征与市民化路径研究”(18BRK005)。

摘　　要：21世纪以来,中国农业转移人口规模快速增长,社会经济状况逐渐分化,阶层结构由较为单一走向多元。利用2018年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,将制度性因素纳入农业转移人口社会分层框架,探究中国农业转移人口社会分层过程及动因,并构建标准化的分层指数。结果表明:在市场性因素的基础上,将制度性因素维度纳入分层框架,更适合中国语境,可更综合反映中国社会治理结构下的农业转移人口社会经济状况;农业转移人口社会分层重心靠下,呈“士”字形结构,底部出现收缩特征,而此前相关研究均认为社会分层底部人数最多;农业转移人口可划分为特征鲜明的四大阶层,制度性因素在区隔三个技能阶层中起到重要作用;纵向追踪,2012—2018年间农业转移人口社会经济状况显著提升;横向分城市类型比较,三类城市农业转移人口分层结构呈现阶梯式,其中超大城市分层结构最为健康,这种差异是在宏观城市因素和微观个体因素共同作用下形成的,前者影响更大。据此,文章提出相应政策建议:实施“鼓励雇主阶层引领、扩大高技能阶层占比、提升占主体的中技能阶层、扶持引导低技能阶层”的差异化策略,以全面促进农业转移人口社会经济地位整体上移,优化人力资本结构;破除制度壁垒,构建统一的劳动力市场,创造更公平的就业环境;考虑城市发展水平与约束,制定更具针对性的落户与公共服务供给政策。Nowadays,the size of China’s rural-to-urban migrants has grown rapidly.The social and economic situation has gradually differentiated,and the class structure changes from single to multiple.Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey data in 2018,this paper brings institutional factors into the social stratification framework of rural-to-urban migrant to explores the process and the causes of social stratification of rural-to-urban migrants in China and establish a standardized stratification index.The results show that:1)Incorporating institutional factors as well as market factors into the stratification framework is more suitable for the Chinese context,which can comprehensively reflect the social-economic situations of the rural-to-urban migrants under the social governance structure in China.2)The center of gravity of the social stratification of the rural-to-urban migrants is lower,showing a“Shi”-shaped structure,and the bottom of the social stratification presents a contraction characteristics,while previous studies have believed that the number of people at the bottom of the social stratification is the largest.3)Rural-to-urban migrants can be divided into four distinct classes,and institutional factors are an important factor in the three skill classes.4)Longitudinal tracking shows that the socio-economic status of the rural-to-urban migrants increased significantly from 2012 to 2018.5)The hierarchical structure of the rural-to-urban migrants in three types of cities presents a stepped type,among which the hierarchical structure of megacities is the healthiest.The gap has been formed by macro city-related and micro individual factors,with the former having a more considerable influence.Accordingly,the paper proposes corresponding strategy suggestions:encouraging the employer class to lead,expanding the proportion of high-skilled class,upgrading the middle-skilled class as well as supporting and guiding the low-skilled class can be implied to promote the overall upward social status of the rural-to-u

关 键 词：农业转移人口 标准化社会分层指数 制度性因素 结构变迁 

分 类 号：F323.6[经济管理—产业经济] D663[政治法律—政治学]