资本的人格化:近代欧洲法人学说之争及其启示  

Personalization of the Capital:Debates on the Theories of Corporation in Modern Europe and Its Inspirations

作　　者：张乃和[1] ZHANG Nai-he(Institute of European Civilization,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin,300387,China)

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学欧洲文明研究院暨历史文化学院,天津300387

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第3期50-58,共9页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“近代英国公司法人制度研究”(17ASS004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着近代欧洲各国资本主义大公司法人的兴起和发展,19世纪中后期至20世纪初欧洲学术界围绕法人的本质和起源问题,形成了不同的学说流派,展开了一场跨世纪的国际学术争论。这场法人学说之争始于德国历史法学派,以德国为代表的欧洲大陆法学派与以英国为代表的英美法学派,在这场学术争论中山鸣谷应,和而不同,融汇共生,最后各成其说,影响深远。以马克思主义为指导,回归这场国际学术争论的起点,重新认识这场争论,法人的本质和起源问题便豁然开朗。马克思的有关论述表明,法人是经济社会内容与法律制度形式相统一的社会有机体。在资本主义条件下,法人本质上是资本的人格化;法人人格也只不过是资本人格化在法律领域的反映,是法律对资本集团事实人格的确认或承认。在其现实性上,法人与个人不是对立或分立的关系,而是有机统一的关系,二者统一于现实的社会实践。法人与资本一样具有历史性。公司法人的出现,是资本人格化的内在要求、实现方式与具体体现。公司法人的永续性,只不过反映了资本追求无限增殖自身的价值运动过程。Studies on the nature and origins of the corporation started from the German Historical School,and triggered an international debate in the mid-late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,and so far there's no conclusion.Only by returning to the starting point of the debate can we search out the core issue.On this basis,the nature and origins of the corporation will be enlightened by returning to Marxist classical texts for resolving and surpassing the endless debates.Classical Marxists expounded that the corporation in its nature was just a reflection of the real social life in the legal field,the personality of the corporation was also a reflection of the real personality in the field;in reality,the corporation was an organic entity combining the social reality and legal form.The corporation like the capital exists historically.The business corporation originated in the personalization of the capital,met the requirements of the personalization,became its implementation and embodiment.The perpetuity of the corporation mirrored the process of the unlimited capital proliferation.

关 键 词：近代欧洲 法人 历史法学派 资本人格化 社会有机体 

分 类 号：D909[政治法律—法学理论] K504[政治法律—法学]